Napoleon Exiled to Elba Essay Example for Free

sleep Exiled to Elba Essay* 1812 Napoleon launches an invasion against the Russians * 1814, Napoleon forces surrendered and he assigned to step down in favor of his son * His offer was rejected and he signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau, he agreed to abdicate in exchange for which he was given the tiny Kingdom of Ebla, a small-scale island in the Mediterranean Sea * May 3, 1814 Napoleon arrives on the island of Elba He brought ambitious plans to reform government and a personal escorts of 1000 men, and a fellowship of staff * An island of 12,000 inhabitants in the Mediterranean, 20 km off the Tuscan coast* Napoleon attempted suicide with a pill he had carried since a near-capture by Russians on the retreat from Moscow however, its potency had weakened with age, and he survived to be exiled while his wife and son took refuge in Austria * Evening of February 26 , 1815 Napoleon takes advantage of temporary absence of the English custodian, Colonel Campbell * Under the cover of night , he silently slipped away with a from the island and returned to the mainland * He traveled through areas where he knew he had support and about 500,000 volunteers joined him * Escapes with a small army and headed to Paris, proclaimed the renewal of his empire* The French may have found Louis XVIII reasonable, however, they feared the royalists and clergy who were fight the reforms that had come into effect since 1789 * Also the magic of Napoleons name and the glory of his rule been forgotten Battle of Waterloo Return of Napoleon united the powers at Vienna, and agreed to raise and army under the Duke of Wellington * June 8, 1815 near the town of Waterloo, Belgium the 100 days extend starts * June 8, 1815 near the town of Waterloo, Belgium 100 days campaign starts* June 18, 1815 Duke of Wellington occupied the ridge of Mont St. Jean (south of Waterloo) and Napoleon was at La Belle Alliance across the valley * Duke of Wellington had inexperienced infantry, cavalry and had 156 cann on and exemplar gun for infantry * Napoleon built his army on short notice with veterans, peasants and conscripts * The French army under fire from the garrisons at LA Haye Sainte and despite heavy casualties at 1130am the French launched diversionary attack on Hougoumont * An allied line that hid behind the ridge

Question of Authorship Essay Example for Free

Question of Authorship Es hypothesizeFor the past five decades, the world of literature has come to venerate the gravid works of one bit. The tremendous contribution of Shakespe be in Literature remain unparalleled. The sheer volume of the plays and sonnets he had written remain unmet, and the fibre of its art remains unmatched. So much so, that there is probably no one inhabiting this earth who hasnt the knowledge of the great writer. No one graduates from school without having the experience of Shakespeare in their education his plays are celebrated through staging and his works are the subject of study in, and even outside of, Literature classes. Also, the celebration of Shakespeare and his works are not limited to the confines of education. Theatrical companies earn a sizeable proportion of their profits in staging Shakespeares five-century old works. Publishing companies gather largely in the millions of hardbound copies they thrust printed of Shakespeares works, and t he literature he and his works have inspired. With the picture that has been painted, we tidy sum see how influential and how big a pillar Shakespeare is in Literature.However, with the exception of literary scholars, not many race are aware of the issue that has surrounded Shakespeares penship of the works that have been claimed to be his since the time man can re instalment. William Shakespeare of Stratford has always been regarded as the man who wrote the immortal plays and sonnets. But ever since speculations have started to arise, various names have overly mushroomed through the investigations of scholars who claim that these names are the ones which we should be celebrating, and not that of the businessman William Shakespeare of Stratford.The speculations started when Alexander Pope brought to the attention of readers the veritableity of the attribution to Shakespeare in a total of his works. Pope attacked Shakespeares on the genuineness of works that had been excluded f rom the 1623 Folio, a collection of Shakespeares most compelling works. His criticisms made in the 17th century proceed to influence the generations that followed with celebrate to their opinion on the be.Primarily though, what has unsettled critics are the dissonance in his the experiences and education received by a bailiwick man in Stratford and the quality and content of the works he allegedly produced, as stated by one source, The work attributed to Shakespeare shows a knowledge of geography, foreign language, politics, and an vast vocabulary that many find inconsistent with whats known about Shakespeares education, (Lanciai). Authorship Majority of the investigations were done through a historical blockage of view.If we take a look back in history during the time Shakespeare wrote his plays, we would find out how authorship was perceived as insignificant, even illegitimate, in the musical composition of the book. According to other source, traditional narratives that pr esent the Middle Ages as a golden age of forgery for which questions of authorship and authenticity were unimportant ( mogul). What triggered this was the inability of beginner writers (especially people of rank) to publish their own name in their works chthonic the regime of Queen Elizabeth. A gentleman of rank could not publish under his own name lest he be suspected of having a profession.This policy was followed, and writers of rank either circulated their work privately or they made use of pen-names (Lanciai Christian). Also, the theater industry during Shakespeares time was an unsurveyable community (Lanciai). It therefore follows that while theater was an important industry of the era, it is very challenging to examine the works of the industry. These reasons ultimately break down to the graying of the trace to the real authorship of the works attributed to Shakespeare. Why not Shakespeare? It has been mentioned in this es put that the theater industry was an unsurveyable community during Shakespeares time.A piece of training that is known though is that the owners of the theaters were communally owned by the actors, according to Lanciais article. Only the exceptional rise in the business, and William Shakespeare was one of them, as he was an accomplished capitalist of those times. Therefore, we can surmise that Shakespeare the businessman was a person considered of rank in his age. If we remember the rule that was imposed on writers of rank, another source argued therefrom If Shakespeare was a gentleman of rank, then William Shakespeare could not he his real name.By contrast, the William Shakespeare who was a play-broker, part owner of an acting company, and resident of Stratford as well as London would have been in a good position to use and appropriate work written by an anonymous high-born author, (Price, Diana). How Shakespeare was perceived The mans (Shakespeare of Stratford) social and professional position in question was described by Pope as this He writ to the People and writ at maiden without patronage from the better sort, and therefore without aims of pleasing them without assistance or advice from theLearned, as without the advantage of education or acquaintance among them and without the knowledge of the best models, the Ancients, to inspire him From this description, King surmised that Pope regarded the dialogue of the actors in his works as bad conversations, and that he was lonesome(prenominal) able to get away with this because of the Court patronage. Also, he had drawn from the ingeminate that the quality of Shakespeares dramatic writing improved in direct proportion to his level of social and linguistic contact with the better sort.With this we can already see how Pope has de-merited Shakespeare from the level of literary genius which has always been associated to his name. It also evident that Pope deemed Shakespeare of this position because of the social position he was in, as according to the same article, Shakespeares social contamination by his inferior associates and conversation partners contributed to the de-meriting. An joust from another author supported Popes claims when another author said, It appears that Shakespeare of Stratford was not much respected (or liked) while Shakespeare the author was (Price).The other side of Shakespeare of Stratford that Pope pointed out in concurs with the knowledge of the author. According to Prices book, Shakespeare of Stratford was identified by contemporary documents as a money-lender, play-broker, wheeler-dealer, social climber, and sometime actor. No contemporaries of Shakespeare called him as an author, not even people from his community. What also strengthens this argument is the lack of surviving documents written by him which have any literary significance (Price).Aside from these, whats also disturbing for scholars is the fact that the testament left(p) by Shakespeare did not mention of any books that he owned. In Elizabe than period, books were considered important items and therefore were to be bequeathed to relatives or fellow writers. His passing also stave of his merit as a celebrated modern playwright in his time. Unlike other playwrights, his death did not stir any public notice. append to that the issue brought about the pull up stakes he left behind, these things make a lot of people wonder about his merit as a writer. It seems that his will was the only trace of Shakespeares literary works.A man named Reverend James Wilmot was said to have searched all of Warwickshire to look for any piece of manifest that would present Shakespeares literary activity. Reverend Wilmot did not find any anecdote, letter, document or any memento (Lanciai). Surely, anyone who is claimed to be a writer will have volumes of writings in his home, or any piece of writing at all. The article also explained that Reverend Wilmots discovery led him to leave off that Shakespeare really must have another writer. His education also proved nothing but extraordinary.According to Prices book also, the businessman from Stratford only acquired a grammar-school education at most. While possible, it is difficult to believe that a person of such educational attainment could produce the level of intellect and finish found in his works. It is almost unquestionable when one makes the claim that Shakespeares works have shaped the way English dramas are to be written, as put by another source, He creates and establishes the English verse drama, he gradually develops the English drama into the form which subsequently and invariably becomes the Shakespeare standard (Leahy, William). This particular(a) writer is one with the critics who says it is impossible that these works of great quality could have been produced by a man with little educational background. Leahy added in his article, Its not likely that Shakespeare could master this form directly without preparatory work in such an accomplished profession alism which is already evident in the first Shakespeare dramas. What made him say this is due to his non-existent education and lack of experience of Cambridge, France, and Italy. Aside from this, Price adds how scholars point out that his knowledge of several foreign languages is deemed dubious.The article explained that there is no trace that Shakespeare knew any languages other than English, or that he ever left England. The discrepancy between the images of the two persons has fuelled the debates for the authenticity of the businessman from Stratfords authorship in the Shakespearean works. The Real Shakespeare Among the numerous strings of allegations and speculations regarding Shakespeare of Stratfords merit to claiming authorship to a number of literary works, a lot of names have also surfaced.Among these people was Francis Beaumont, a young dramatist who passed away in the same year William Shakespeare died. As death could sometimes speak of the greatness of a person, we c ould surely say that Beaumont was considered as one of the significant people in English drama. The whole of England mourned for his death and paid tribute to the dramatist. Aside from this young dramatist, another man is claimed to be the real Shakespeare.Ben Jonson, who also completely dominates the preface to the first edition of the complete works of Shakespeare, which appeared in 1623, is also suspected to be the real author of the plays (Lanciai). Lanciai adds that Ben Jonson himself has create his complete works first, which could have led him to think that the Shakespeare dramas should also be published. In addition, Christopher Marlowe has been alleged to be the original Shakespeare. Born in Canterbury, he was a learned man who received his education in the Kings School Canterbury, as well as Corpus Christi College, Cambridge through scholarships. The resonancewith the quality of education has convinced many scholars, but what was more convincing was the practice he was ab le to gain in translations, poetry, and playwrighting (Oleg, et al). Lanciai also mentions another probable author to the works in question. After the discovery of Reverend Wilmot regarding the absence of Shakespeares literary work, the Reverend believed that a man named Francis Bacon should be recognized as the authentic author. The Reverend concluded that Shakespeare must have been the protective name for Bacon.According still to Lanciais article, Bacons education, experience and knowledgeableness could be better conciliate with the intellectual level exhibited by the works. Also, as the authorship clearly indicates that the experience were collected from at least the Cambridge university, Italy, and France, Bacon proved to be a probable scene to the authorship as he had extensively went to these places. To add, Bacons education allowed him a position as an ambassador and to also serve as a member of the House of Commons.He was knighted and moved to higher political positions af ter the ascension of James VI (Oleg, et. al) In conclusion, the works of Shakespeare are not to be questioned with respect to the contribution in Literature and the quality of art that it contains. While the question of the Shakespeare authorship has been around for hundreds of years and is therefore a very important matter to be settled, it would be more important and more contributory if aspiring writers who are inspired by these works to focus their attention to what and not as to the who. Works Cited King, Edmund G. C.. In the Character of Shakespeare Canon, Authorship, and Attribution in Eighteenth-Century England Lanciai, Christian. A Summary of the Shakespeare Problems. Research Journal Volume 06 2009 Online Research Journal Article. The Marlowe Society. 2009 Price, Diana. Shakespeares Unorthodox Biography hot Evidence of an Authorship Problem Seletsky, Oleg, Huang, Tiger, Henderson-Frost William. The Shakespeare Authorship Question.

Analysing The Junk Food Generation English Language Essay

Analysing The cast away Food Generation English Language searchAdults and children nowadays cancel out immobile f ar without spanging its effects on the body and general health, thereof we sh exclusively realize the nutritional value of what we eat in order to understand whether we need it or not.In that paper I willing talk about junk victuals discussing its history, reasons of rapid spread all around the world, its harmful effects, and the possible solution for that problem.IntroductionFast food (Junk food) refers to food that is easily and quickly active, however, it refers in the first place to the food that is prepared from precooked or preheated ingredients then packed and sold in stores or restaurants. In 1951 the word Fast food was first introduced in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. Junk or flyinging foods gustatory perception good and are rich in calories just now they are of a rattling low nutritional value, Fast foods are usually rich in cabbage, rich in fa ts or rich in salt.There are many examples of junk food much(prenominal) as Pizza, French Fries, Burgers, hotdogs, fried food, candy, grouch cream, and soda pop. Other kinds of junk food are just like the imitation juice that you find nowadays in most of the markets, you may turn over it is healthy but the truth is that it has loads and loads of sugar, artificial flavors, and so forgetful of the pure natural juice.Fast food has appeared in the world during old-fashioned Rome age, they sold wine and bread in the streets of the cities, also in the Far easternmost noodles were prepared and sold while in the Middle East there were the flafel and the flatbread, Indians introduced dahi vada, vada pav, and panipuri.Although fast food is tasty and delicious, it has many disadvantages, people must nowadays be aware of those disadvantages, fast food has real damage on the human health, and the most essential bad effects that the fast food may cause are obesity, spicy cholesterol level , cardiovascular disorders, and nutritional deficiencies. genuinely fast food may not lead any nutritional benefits to the body because it usually contains harmful fats, carbohydrates, and cholesterol that dont provide the body with any expedient energy.Consuming fast food is increasing in a genuinely rapid way nowadays and that increase is cause mainly by 3 main reasons which areConvenience Since it is fast and we live our lives in a hurry nowadays, there is no time to prepare healthy and swell prepared food.Ads Advertisement is the Fast Food marketers weapon they use anything possible to advertise including TV commercials, Radio stations, vending machines and internet pop-ups.Lack of discipline and that is another important reason, and may be the most important one but I will talk about it in details later.Fast food is a real problem that has many horrible and sometimes fatal effects on people especially youth and children, in that paper I will discuss in details the effects of junk food on the individual, the society and the world. And I will also talk about the possible solutions for that problem. consistenceThe Junk food planetPeople around the world are of different races, languages, borders, and religions however, they may cast off the same problems, views, and tastes. Media devices have helped in uniting those things it make the world as if it is just one small village. Our ancestors used to respect their planet, they took care of their health, and on the other croak we looked for Fast food.Nowadays everyone eats fast food, especially the new generation that loves and eats only when the fast food. A lot of parents all around the world may give their kids sugary fast food in order to be hyperactive, and afterwards, their children complain and feel sick, therefore they take their children to doctors who will prescribe some medications that will cure the symptom not the cause, despite of not being in need to those medications if they just changed their diet.Reasons of the increase consumption of junk foodThere are many reasons beyond the increased consumption of fast food around the world, the most common reasons areConvenienceYou wake up early in the morning with very little or no energy, even if you slept for the regular eight hours, you will still feel tired, you find no time to make breakfast then you range to yourself that you will just get something on your way to work, you stop by any supermarket and buy some doughnuts and a soft drink (e.g. Soda), you believe that the sugar in those products will give you power and energy, you work for about eight hours and then you find yourself hungry again, you are so tired, you dont want to twainer yourself by making lunch so you order junk food again. In general, nowadays we live a very fast life you have no time to cook healthy food so you choose the easier way which is the junk food even if it was lower in its nutritional value.AdvertisementsMarketers of the junk food use ev ery possible way to advertise, they use TV, Radio, and internet. Television is known to have a very powerful effect on people therefore marketers use advertisements that reach the mind of a lot of consumers, because advertisements wash away our fears and suspects and give us another beautiful image and that is just what the marketers want.Most of the advertisements target area for the children, and it was reported food ads that appear during childrens T.V. programs are 25%, in India they are approximately 50% while in Pakistan they are 75%.Since 1980 there was an taken for granted(predicate) increase in the childrens advertisements, they were used not only to affect the children then but to increase the future fast food consumption also they targeted children because they know the influence that children may have on their parents, and to create loyal future consumers.Fast food marketers would do anything and would pay huge amounts of money in ad especially for the children includ ing games, contests and toys they use cartoon and comics to advertise. For example, Burger King was the first to give the children free toys with their meals, in 1999 it was reported that Burger King featured more than 50,000,000 toys. The Sales of Burger King in the USA were doubled that year.Marketer used everything they used movie stars, sports famous players, and pop singers. Pepsi used Pink, Britney Spears and Beyonce Knowles, while McDonalds used Justin Timberlake in their latest campaign Im lovin it they offered him $6,000,000.In conclusion, children are very important customers in the market because of the great effect they have on their parents, in the past mothers were more powerful than the market power, but those days are gone nowadays, it was reported that most of parents nowadays were influenced by their children mainly in their marketing decisions especially when it is related to food, therefore marketers need only to persuade the children, and wait for them to convin ce their parents.Lack of disciplineNowadays, the new generation has a very weak personality, they didnt suffer the fears of wars, they have everything easy and available, thus they have no inner strength, they dont understand the value of life or health, they may know the consequences of eating a lot of fast food, and nevertheless they buy it because of absentminded of discipline.Parents also became very weak they try to be more friendly with their children, so they respond to every single demand, they feed them according to their desire not what is healthier for them and for their bodies.Effects of Junk food on healthJunk food has many bad effects on health, they includeEffects on blood pressureFast food contains high amounts of Na++ (Sodium) that lead to high blood pressure, it was stated that the adults body require only 1200-1500 milligram of atomic number 11 every day, so when you realize that the normal table salt contains about forty per cent sodium and that a teaspoon of s alt may contain about 2400 milligram of sodium, and that high amounts of sodium leads certainly to high blood pressure, you will realize what risks fast food may lead to.CholesterolJunk food that contains meat contains bad cholesterol that has dangerous effects on the human body and general health, the accumulation of cholesterol molecules in arteries will run in their thickening and clogging that will in return result in congestion of blood vessels and will obstruct the normal blood scarper which will lead to disorders in the blood pressure, and if the artery affected was one of those that carry blood to the heart, it will may lead to a heart attack, and in complicated cases it may cause heart failure.Trans FatsTrans fats are considered to be the worst type of fats, and it is present in Junk food with high amounts, trans fat is very harmful because it reduces the levels of good cholesterol in addition to increasing the levels of bad cholesterol. It was reported that fast food con tains 45 per cent of trans fats more than normal and well prepared food.Effects on the cardiovascular system and vascular functionAbout 40 per cent of children and 37 per cent of adults depend mainly on junk food in their lives, they have higher levels of fats, saturated fats, energy, soda drinks, and sodium, and on the other hand lower intake of milk, vegetables, fruit and essential vitamins such as C and A. Fast food consumption was proved to have bad effects on the CVS (Cardio Vascular System) in general because fast food lead to gaining weight and insulin resistance, and on the long term fast food causes disorders in the endothelial functions and marked increase in the oxidative stress, and as a further complication, both oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction develop atherosclerosis, and this may end in cardiovascular failure and death.On the other hand well prepared meals such as the Mediterranean or the vegetarian food contain low unsaturated fats and higher content of vitamins therefore it may be considered a protective diet, for example when you take high doses of antioxidant vitamins (CE) they will prevent endothelial dysfunction.ObesityIt was stated by the Worldwatch Institute that the number of adults that have obesity nowadays are the same number of those who suffer from underweight.Children obesity has become epidemic in many countries, there are more than 17,000,000 children that are 5 eld old suffer from obesity all around the world.Obesity causes many health complications, it causes both psychological and physical disorders, the prognosis is very sad with possible subsequent cardiovascular diseases, some kinds of cancer, and premature death.Other complicationsEffects on energyFast food doesnt contain any or very low nutritional components, on the contrary, it is composed of harmful fats, cholesterol, and carbohydrates, therefore it doesnt provide your body with any energy, and body weakness.Low concentrationFast food contains high lev els of fat and oil that are difficult to be digested, so the body spends more amounts of enzymes and blood. That means that when you eat a lot of junk food, blood goes mainly you the intestine, therefore you may feel drowsy and lose concentration.Liver failureLiver may get damaged due to the high amounts of salt, cholesterol, and fat that are present in most of the junk food.Diabetes MellitusFast food may cause damage to pancreas and that may lead to insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.Junk food and the children of EgyptIn Egypt mothers chose the easiest way to feed their children nowadays, they feed their own kids pizza and soda without knowing that this junk food is very harmful for them, it was reported by a doctor at el Qasr Al-Aini hospital that about 7 kids were being treated from apnea in just 3 months, Apnea is a sleeping disorder that happens when fats block the pneumonic air paths, that means that those kids were choking by their own fat.Children of Egypt today drink sod a more than milk, and it was reported that 10% of male teenagers from thirteen to eighteen years old drink about 7 cans of soda daily, while 10% of the females may drink about 5 daily, however, soda has horrible effects on the body where it causes bone weakness and osteoporosis.RecommendationsBan junk food advertising for kids under twelve years old. (Sweden has done this already, so it is possible)Decrease the number of the fast food advertisements during the kids shows and programmes.(South Korea limited the Ads number to 10%)Health messages in kids shows and AdsEat well prepared home-made food.Avoid junk food speciallyFrench french friesSoda drinksBreakfast cerealsPizzaWhite breadDonutsChocolates and candiesDecaffeinated coffeeIce creamConclusionJunk food consumption has increased nowadays both developing and developed countries suffer from this problem.The main reason for the increased consumption of fast food especially among our kids is the advertisements however, we bear hig h responsibility also, because we let them eat what they want to eat with no restrictions even if it was harmful for their health and bodies.Fast food has many horrible effects on the human body such as weakness, loss of energy, loss of concentration, obesity, cardiovascular disorders, osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, apnea, liver diseases, and high blood pressureChildren in Egypt today depend on junk food as their main source of nutrition, and that must be prevented by the parents and shown in the children programmes if we want to get a healthy and a strong new generation.

Hybridity Concept In Postcolonial Studies Cultural Studies Essay

Hybridity Concept In Postcompound Studies Cultural Studies EssayIntroductionThis chapter seeks to examine break models that underpin this study. Hybridity, separateness and stereotyping in postcolonial studies are discussed in congeneric to the central argument of this thesis which is the roles teachers and students play at aiming for the construction of shared Malaysian individualism in multicultural classrooms. The intention of this literature review is to identify the signifi chiffonierce of loan-blendity, otherness and stereotyping in post colonial studies to my research and how Bhabhas notion of The third gear billet helps to formulate the establishment of collective individuation in students zone of development (Gutierrez, Baqudano-Lopez and Tejeda (1999).Hybridity concept in Postcolonial studiesThe flow of information and the movement of people in this ever evolving, interconnected and interactive world have been a profound reason in the creation of new finishings in the form of mixing of local and external ideas and values. This kind of mixing is a tiny part of the loose and slippery meaning of hybridity. The experimental condition hybridity is used in many areas such as hybrid economy (the mixture of private enterprises and government active participation in global economy) (Koizumi,2010) hybrid cars, hybrid language (creole and patois), and most importantly in relation to this study is in the arena of hybrid cultures (Tomlinson,1999 Coombs Brah,2000).Easthope (1998) contends that hybridity can have three meanings in scathe of biology, ethnicity and culture. In biological science, hybrid could mean the composition of contagious component in human being, animals or plants. In the second and third definitions, hybridity can be understood to mean an individual who possesses two or more(prenominal)(prenominal) ethnic and cultural identities. However de Toro emphasises that the meaning of hybridity in new-fashioned cultural theory has not hing to do with the biological and zoological origin of the term (de Toro, 2004). Hutnyk (2005) on the other pile reveals that the term hybridity and syncretism seem to serve the inner cultural aspects of colonialism and the global market.Several key thinkers in the realm of hybridity includes among others Homi Bhabha, Robert Young, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Stuart Hall and Paul Gilroy, who project upon related concepts from Deleuze, Derrida, Marx, Fanon and Bakhtin to name a few.(Ref) In particular, Bhabha has developed his concept of hybridity from literary and cultural theory to describe the construction of culture and identity within conditions of colonial antagonism and equity (Meredith, 1998 Bhabha, 1994 Bhabha, 1996).In socio-cultural milieu, hybridity is used as an explicative term and hybridity became a useful tool in forming a discourse of racial mixing which was seen as an aberration in the end of 18th century. The kind of hybrid during this era was largely referring to inter marriage of black and white and the offspring were identified as the hybrid product. It has also been referred to as an abuse term in colonial discourse for those who are products of miscegenation or mixed-breeds. Papastergiadis in Werbner Modood (2000) on the other hand asserts that the positive feature of hybridity is that it invariably acknowledges that identity is constructed through a negotiation of difference and that the presence of fissures, gaps and contradictions is not necessarily a sign of failure. (ibid258). Therefore hybridity can be seen in both negative and positive forms.Ashcroft, Griffiths and Tiffin (2006) assert that hybridity occurs in post-colonial societies as a result of economic and political expansion and subordination and when the coloniser diluted indigenous peoples (the colonised) social practices and assimilate them to a new social mold. They also further explain that hybridity extends until after the period of imperialism when patterns of im migrations from rural to urban region and from other imperial areas of influence such as Chinese and Indian labourers coming in into the Malay Peninsula during the labour intensive period.However, with the end imperialism, with the salary increase of immigration and economic liberalisation, the term hybridity has profoundly been used in many opposite dimensions and is one of the most disputed terms in postcolonial studies. It can view as many forms including cultural, political and linguistics. It is important to note that hybridity can be interpreted in many different accounts from a slight hybrid to the extreme of culture clash. In the postcolonial studies the term hybrid commonly refers to the creation of new trans-cultural forms within the contact zone produced by colonisation (Ashcroft et al.,2003). One other dimension of this term is the hybrid talk which is associated with the emergence of postcolonial discourse and its critique of cultural imperialism.(elaborate)Easthope (1998) on the other hand asserts that in his discussions of hybridity, it has no fix definition except in relation to non-hybriditythat the opposition between difference and absolute presence needs to be relativised by introducing more than one concept of identity, that a coherent, speaking font cannot live in the gaps between identities. (p.347).Pieterse (2001221) maintains that New hybrid forms are significant indicators of profound changes that are taking place as a consequence of mobility, migration and multiculturalism. In addition, cultural diasporization (Hall, 1990) signifies a new form of identity as a result of interculturality and diasporic relations (Anthias,2010). However, Anthias (ibid620) postulates thatIf hybrid social identities are now the characteristic identities of the modern world, then struggles over cultural hegemony and the underlying mechanisms that support it, become increasingly empty signifiers merely to occupy the space of the hybrid constitutes an ema ncipator human condition.In addition, de Toro (1991,1996a) contends that hybridity is al elans inherent to culture, identity and nations besides it is the object of reflections and definitions of different settings and also applied in very different fields. Correspondingly, de Toro suggests that one has to understand the notion of hybridity in a broader metacontext and has to see hybridity as mixing systems at the base of the combination of different models and processes.The discussion of hybridity in this study focuses on the contemporary debate more or less culture, ethnicity and identity which underpins de Toros model of hybridity as a cultural category. The main argument of this study is the problematic nature of managing the differences of cultural, ethnical and religious groups in Malaysias plural conjunction in the quest for the construction of shared Malaysian identity. The discussion of hybridity in the Malaysian context in this study therefore is not about purpose a mi dway to the solution of differences in cultures and identity but to identify a space where cultural, religious and ethnic difference can be celebrated.In as much the arguments in the succeeding sections deal with ethnicity, culture and religion, this study does not attempt to explicate an in depth discussion of the cultural theory concept. However, cultural theory will be reviewed at a surface level.In the linguistics setting, Bakhtin (1981) puts forward the notion of linguistic hybridity. He, according to Young (1995) delineates the way in which language, even within a single sentence, can be doubled-voiced. Bakhtin affirms that linguistic hybridity mixes two social languages within the limits of a single utterance but differentiated by other factors of those social utterances. Simplistically, it describes the ability to be simultaneously the same but different (ibid20). Young further postulates that for Bakhtin, hybridity describes the process of the authorial debunk of anothers speech, through a language that is double-accented and double-styled.Bakhtin (1981) divides his linguistic hybridity into two intentional hybridity and unconscious or organic hybridity. The former occurs when a voice has the ability to ironise and unmask the other within the same utterance. The organic hybridity , on the other hand occurs when two languages fused together. the languages change historically primarily by hybridization, by content of a mixing of various languages co-existing within the boundaries of a single dialect, a single national language, a single branch, a single group of different branches, in the historical as well as paleontological past of languages. (Ibid358).The language hybridity phenomenon is one of main discussions in this current study as the multicultural society evolves in Malaya then Malaysia respectively, languages evolve in tandem. The discussion involves the emergence of Malaysian English or Manglish in social interactions of the populace within ones ingest ethnic community or with the other communities at large. This is argued in the discussions and findings chapter of this current study.The section that follows discusses in greater detail of hybridity in the light of Bhabhas (1998) work on cultural variety and cultural difference.Understanding Bhabhas concept of hybridity in relation to cultural diversityBhabhas conception of hybridity is developed from literary and cultural theory by which he identifies that the governing bodies (coloniser) translate the identity of the colonised (the other) in tandem with the essentialist beliefs. This action of translation however does not produce nighthing that is kn avow to the coloniser or the colonised but essentially new (Papastergiadis, 1997). Bhabha believes that it is this new blurred boundaries or spaces in-between subject-position that are identified as the locality of the disruption and displacement of preponderating influence of colonial narratives and cultural structu res and practice.Bhabha (1994) claims that the difference in cultural practices within different groups, however rational a person is, is actually very baffling and even impossible and counterproductive, to try and fit together different forms of culture and to pretend that they can easily coexist. As he affirmsThe assumption that at some level all forms of cultural diversity may be understood on the basis of a particular universal concept, whether it be human being, class, or race, can be both very dangerous and very limiting in trying to understand the ways in which cultural practices construct their own systems of meaning and social organisation (ibid209)There is truth to a certain degree to the statement above in terms of the universality of cultural diversity applied in many pluralistic countries including Malaysia. However, to a larger extent, this present study, at a later stage would render the limitations of that statement amidst difficulties and multitudes of problems in inter-ethnic kinship Malaysian society has proven its ability to be one of the select few which are able to prove that the differences in cultural practices could be the throttle not hindrance or counterproductive amongst different groups to coexist.This concept of the third space is central and useful in analysing this current study in terms of its interstitial positioning between cultural and ethnic identity with that of a negotiated identity (shared identity) in the Malaysian context.Bhabha believes that the process of cultural hybridity gives rise to new and unidentifiable, a new era of negotiation of meaning and representation. For him controversies are inevitable and unavoidable in a multicultural society as negotiations happen almost in all circumstances including socio-politics and economy down to minute affairs such as in classrooms context. The implication of western colonial legacy which had changed cultural ideology of a former colonised nation is central to the modern discourse of negotiation and instead of questioning the legality of certain cultural status designate to immigrant cultures, it is inevitable but to accept, admire and celebrate diversity in ways which are appropriately befitting the society as a whole.The significance of the hybridity conceptPost-colonial cultural politics assertions integration and assimilation to unificationAs a result of hybridisation, dominant culture becomes diluted and more dispersed less interconnected and can then be negotiated.The process of cultural hybridisation allows greater opportunity for local culture to be emphasised thus presents a greater likelihood for more people to feel the sense of belonging. (Canclini,1995Pieterse,2004).Hybridity needs to be considered as a continuous transaction of renewals and compromise of the practices of identityA more analytical perspective that reviews the assumption about culture and identity from us-them dualism to a collective sense of both. Therefore acceptance and conciliation of both difference and similarity.5.0. The Third SpaceAppropriation of The Third Space to the studyOthernessStereotyping in Post Colonial Studies9.0 Applying hybridity, otherness and stereotyping to the construction of shared identity identicalness in Plural SocietyPropagating and espousing a new conception of shared identityNew opportunities, new challenges to develop a collective sense of identityIdentity is multiple, overlapping and context-sensitive (Kwame Appiah in Koizumi)New conception of self hybrid self rejects singular identity and adopt a fluid context-dependent identityClassification of identity formation inherited and acquired (social and psychological)The Construction Malaysian IdentitySummary

Universal Human Rights and Cultural Differences

Universal Human Rights and cultural DifferencesSince the end of the Second World War, an increasing number of kind rights pricks have been adopted, by the get together Nations. These instruments have set forth common standards of gentle rights, and members states of the U.N. are called upon to respect in order to ensure better protection of mans beingnesss rights everywhere. save opposite to this trend, at that place has been a sort of resistance in many parts of the world, where military man rights norms are seen as western matter. During the Cool War period, countries of the Soviet block used to consider them as linked to capitalist bourgeoisie while young independent nations of the S show uph saw the focus on sympathetic rights as a threat to their newly acquired s everywhereeignty. Both sides claimed their right to difference. This raises the issue whether human rights standards should be considered differently because of cultural or differences among peoples. To put it another way, are human rights of popular viability and applicability or are they better understood and evaluated within specific mixer and cultural contexts? What level of social accountability abide be accommodated within the emerging global human rights regime to accord it cultural legitimacy within various societies?1 Voices from the West have pointed out that differences among people did not permit them to accommodate the Western standards of human rights. It is believed that some cultures are more likely to commit human rights abuses, and for a series of reasons, there are people elsewhere to cover them or to keep silent because of their interest, thus excusing the inexcusable which they claim being part of their culture.The aim of this subject is to sound the long debate on the relationship between universal standards human rights and cultural differences. Firstly, it recalls the foundation on which is grounded the concept of human rights, namely the human dignity , irrespective of culture, race, religion or gender. Secondly, it analyses major arguments put forward by cultural relativists, highlighting their danger, that is, the risk of having double standards of human rights. Finally, in concluding remarks, the composition considers the actual trend of recognizing human rights norms and condemning their abuses (such as female circumcision or sharia), even where people justify them by cultural specificity.I. The universal concept of human rights and the recognition of human dignityThe concept of human is grounded on the idea that Man has rights simply because he is human. The universal worth and dignity of human being is founded in the writing of philosophers such as John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau. For the former, human beings are by nature free, compeer and independent2, and the protection of that exemption and comparability should be the end of the policy-making society. Rousseau also insists on the freedom of the human being and w rites that Man should never surrender his freedom A man who renounces to his freedom renounces at his quality as human being. After bloody revolutions, there were attempts to introduce these concepts in states constitution in England, in France, and in the United States of America. But the first recognition of the lease to secure rights for human being was stated in the Charter of the United Nations, following the atrocities of the Second World War. In its Preamble, it is said that one of the purpose of the U.N. is the achievement world-wide cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and fundamental freedom for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion. The Universal Declaration on Human Rights is the first instrument on human rights in its preamble presented itself as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and nations. It went furt her by stating Recognition of the human dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world. Subsequent instruments such as the Covenant on Civil and political Rights and the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights contained what is usually called core rights meaning that are indispensable for an existence in human dignity and therefore need absolute protection. Among those core rights are the right to life, the prohibition of torture, slavery, arbitrary arrest, discrimination or genocide. No derogation from such rights is permitted, even in metre of war.The philosophical foundations of the concept of human rights are to be found in the Western Europe. As Robertson and Merrils write, it is clear that the mainstream has its origin in the liberal democratic usage of Western Europe, a tradition which is itself the product of the Greek philosophy, Roman law, the Judeo-Christian traditi on, the humanism of the Reformation and the Age of reason. It means that the Western World translated into international law its philosophical, moral, cultural and religious encourage. Questions arise therefore as to their universality that is whether it is possible to take into account the differences while focusing on the common standards of human rights. On the other hand, if cultural differences cannot be denied, it is to establish whether differences can be an excuse to human rights abuses. Who will decide the nature and the level of change to meet universal standards of human rights and how avoid to be labelled /or accused of cultural hegemony?For the relativists, moral and cultural set differ from one culture to another. jibe to Parekh, Different societies throw up different systems of moral beliefs depending on such things as their history, traditions, geographical circumstances, and views of the world. We have no means of judging them for there are no objective and unive rsal criteria available for the purpose, and even if there were, we would be too deeply conditioned by our own society to discover them.Cultural differences may have an influence on the human rights issues where national competence, the sovereignty of the state or the quest of self-determination are opposed to the idea of universal human rights standards. The 1993 Vienna Conference was an example of arena where, universal principle of human rights clashed with relativistic assumptions. At the eve of that important even, African and Asian groups of nations friend to draw their views they intended to put forward at the conference. In the Tunis Declaration, which reflected both their convictions and their expectations, the African group nations gave a different sound. While admitting that the universality of human rights, they declared that no ready-made model can be prescribed at the universal level since the historical and cultural realities of each nation and the traditions, stand ards and values of each people cannot be disregarded. They also highlighted the principle of the indivisibility of human rights Civil and political rights cannot be dissociated from economic, social and cultural rights. None of these rights takes precedence over the others. Finally, the Tunis Declaration insisted on the link between human rights and economic development Political freedom when not accompanied by respect for economic, social and cultural rights is precarious. The right to development is inalienable. Human rights, development and international peace are interdependent () Africa, which has chosen the path of democracy, economic reform and the promotion of human rights, in an unfavourable international economic environment, and which finds itself particularly exposed to internal tensions deriving from the failure to meet the basic needs of populations and from the rise of extremism, will nevertheless remain committed to its choices and its responsibilities, and calls up on the international community to do likewise, in particular through an intensification of international solidarity, an adequate increase in development assistance and an grant settlement of the debt problem.In the Bangkok Declaration, Asian group of nations opposed what they saw as Western imperialism and urged the international community to take into account their cultural difference as regard to human rights. While agreeing like Africans that human rights are universal in nature, they insisted that those rights must be considered in the context of a dynamic and evolving process of international norm-setting, bearing in mind the significance of national and regional particularities and various historical, cultural and religious backgrounds. Furthermore, they added, the promotion of human rights should be encouraged by cooperation and consensus, and not through confrontation and the imposition of incompatible values. Finally, criticising the use of human rights as conditionality f or extending development assistance and as an instrument of political pressure, the Bangkok Declaration stressed the need to avoid the application of double standards in the implementation of human rights and its politicisation. Indonesian Foreign subgenus Pastor stated later in Vienna While human rights are universal in character, it is now generally acknowledged that their expression and implementation in the national context should remain the competence and responsibility of each government. This means that the complex variety of problems of different economic social and cultural realities and the unique value systems prevailing in each country should be taken into consideration12. One may draw the conclusion that for Southern countries, priority has to be apt(p) to the satisfaction of basic needs for food, shelter, clothes before other rights such as freedom of expression and fair elections. One may even go so far to consider Western concepts of human rights as luxury for poor countries, because cultural

ASDAs Hierarchial Structure :: Papers

ASDAs Hierarchial Structure A class-conscious social construction has many levels. individually level is controlled by one person. A gradable company tends to be a very big company proficient like ASDA is. In a hierarchical company, instructions are generally passed down from one person to another until it gets to the bottom. If there was a problem in a hierarchical structure it would move up through the structure again from one person to another until it gets to where it is supported to be. Strengths of a Hierarchical structure In a hierarchical structure there is a close control of workers. Workers in ASDA pass on know exactly what they have to do so they dont stay around until they are told what they have to do. There is a small span of control. A span of control is when an amount of flock report to one person. in any case there is a better chance for promotion. Weaknesses of a Hierarchical structure In a hierarchical structure tuition i s late moving. There whitethorn be poor communication between departments. Also workers whitethorn not feel involved in the business and they may not feel incite to work. The types of communication used in a Hierarchical structure The type of communication used is hierarchical depart be more written communication. It will be written communication because the information will have a long way to go before it gets to the person. If it was verbal then when the message gets passed on it will change along the way. Any problems in communication and how I dirty dog solve it The problem with communication in hierarchical will be communication will be slow, might not reach its destination and the information might change. Possible solutions if the information is slow then maybe you can e-mail the person and then the information will get there faster. If the information might change then it will be a pricy thing to write it down so it wont change. An exp lanation of the type of structure for Castell EngineeringASDAs Hierarchial Structure PapersASDAs Hierarchial Structure A hierarchical structure has many levels. Each level is controlled by one person. A hierarchical company tends to be a very big company just like ASDA is. In a hierarchical company, instructions are generally passed down from one person to another until it gets to the bottom. If there was a problem in a hierarchical structure it would move up through the structure again from one person to another until it gets to where it is supported to be. Strengths of a Hierarchical structure In a hierarchical structure there is a close control of workers. Workers in ASDA will know exactly what they have to do so they dont wait around until they are told what they have to do. There is a small span of control. A span of control is when an amount of people report to one person. Also there is a better chance for promotion. Weaknesses of a Hierarchic al structure In a hierarchical structure information is slow moving. There may be poor communication between departments. Also workers may not feel involved in the business and they may not feel motivated to work. The types of communication used in a Hierarchical structure The type of communication used is hierarchical will be more written communication. It will be written communication because the information will have a long way to go before it gets to the person. If it was verbal then when the message gets passed on it will change along the way. Any problems in communication and how I can solve it The problem with communication in hierarchical will be communication will be slow, might not reach its destination and the information might change. Possible solutions if the information is slow then maybe you can e-mail the person and then the information will get there faster. If the information might change then it will be a good thing to write it d own so it wont change. An explanation of the type of structure for Castell Engineering

Comparing the Poetry of Lanston Hughes and Countee Cullen Essay

Comparing the Poetry of Lanston Hughes and Countee CullenUpon first glance the differences between Hughes and Cullen seem very clear. Hughes writes in rhythm, while Cullens writes in rhyme, but those are just the stylistic differences. Hughes and Cullen may write meters in a different style but they both write about homogeneous themes. The time they wrote in was during the Harlem Renaissance, a time period when African Americans were discovering their heritage and trying to become accepted in the once white dominated society. The African Americans had their own cultures and their own style of music and writing but they wanted everyone to know they were still human, that they were still American, even though the differences in color were apparent. During this season African Americans were facing the challenges of accepting their heritage or ignoring outright to claim a different briostyle for their day to day lives. Hughes and Cullen wrote poems that seemed to describe themselves, or African Americans, who had accepted their African Heritage and who also wanted to be a part of American heritage as well. These are some of the things they have in common, as well as what is different about them based on appearance, now I shall focus on each author individually and rag about how they are different afterwards. Lanston Hughes focuses more on rhythm then on rhyme, for example, the poem The Weary Blues reads like a blues song, which is what the poem is about. Mother to Son is a conversation a mother has to a child about what era life has been, and that no matter how hard life may seem, one should never give up climbing the stairs. The poem seems to shift from good English to Black English and then rear end again, which to me shows... ... different authors from two different ways of life could write poems in different styles about the same topics. Hughes with his blues infused poems and Cullens with his Negro spirit and Christian elevation (Ferguson), both of the se men inspired hundreds of people and their work can still make an impact on those that read it. It sure did for me. I recommend these poems to anyone, and I hope that everyone can enjoy and appreciate them as much as I have.Works CitedTracy, Steven C. Langston Hughes & The Blues. Illinois, 1988.Ferguson, Blanche E. Countee Cullen and the Negro Renaissance. New York, 1066About Countee Cullens Life. 21 Mar. 2001. Modern American Poetry. 11 Nov. 2003 http//www.poets.org/poets/poets.cfm?prmID=84Langston Hughes. Apr 3, 2002. Poets.org 11 Nov. 2003 http//www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/a_f/cullen/life.htm