Political Stress :: Papers

Political StressStress originally came from the Latin word strictus meaning strict. Stress causes mental or sensual tension or strain, which can deform a soulfulness. In a sense, stress causes a restrictive hold on the body and mind, which causes a person to act in ways that are out of the norm for them. Stress can be described as the force itself, meaning whatever is deliverance the force upon a person. Police work is real stressful due to the pressures of the job, and strict legal limitations.Many researchers have examined the basic stressors involved in policing. Violanti and Aron (1995) bank that there are two major categories mentioned by officers. These are organizational practices, and the inherent nature of police work (Spielberger, et al. 1981 Martelli et al. 1989 Violanti and Aron, 1995).Police stress has been examined by a variety of researchers, Evans et al. (1992) has reviewed a range of research studies on the police personality and coping. Most of the revie wed research argues that police officers change their coping strategies and behaviors overtime, with some of these changes actually bring to officers reported stress go acrosss and stress levels. In everyday work duties, police officers are involved in a number of activities that may be very stressful, and constant exposure to these stressful events possibly leads to a number of psychological and physical outcomes (Evans, et al. 1992). Chan and Grossman (1988) studied the immediate effects of stressors which have shown that subjects report higher levels of impuissance and feelings of lack of control, and greater psychological distress including depression, anxiety, confusion and overall mood disturbances when they are stressed (Chan and Grossman, 1988). In longer terms, individuals may experience changes in their personalities, which speculate alterations of their typical coping strategies (Skolnick, 1973 Singleton, 1977).In situations of extreme stress, officers may display th e symptoms usually associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Evans, et al. 1992). It is common for individuals who undergo a traumatic event to experience such emotional states such as fear, anxiety, guilt, depression, sadness, anger, and shock. Cognitive effects include difficulty with decision-making, concentration, and memory processes (Reiser and Geiger, 1984 Mitchell, 1988). More distressing symptoms of PTSD include nightmares, vivid flashbacks to the event, difficulties relating to others, dangerous or aggressive rages, and fear of losing control (Evans, 1991). Police officers also have a high rate of stress related illness.

The Human Genome Project Essay -- Science Scientific Research Papers

The Human Genome ProjectIntroduction The Human Genome Project (HGP) is a plan to develop a detailed transmittable and physical map of the human genome. As a result of this project, it is predicted that vast increases in technology and biological approaches to the molecular world will occur. It was speculated that this project would beat two decades. Some scientist did not even think it could be done because the technology was not ready for this kind of project. Multiple issues have arisen since the original mannequin for this genome project was introduced. Never before had mankind faced such issues in one project. These issues include such topics as biotechnology, ethical dilemmas, social and individual implications, health and medical care, and scientific research. When the project was started in 1990, technology could only sequence 300 base pairs at a time. This made mapping (location of genes) and sequencing (the number and pattern of letters) of the entire 3 billion base pai rs seems like an insurmountable task (Collins & Jegalian, 1999). Limited technology drew critics of the project with doubt that a do map could be accomplished. Development of technology proved to be the least controversial issue. Ethical issues often became the center of concern. Also, the fear of attempting to clone a genetically superior race became a key issue. Many of the other issues stemmed from ethical concerns. Health and medical care implications could have a profound publication on society and individuals through prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of genetic diseases. Thanks to the HGP things like insight into basic biology, development of new technology, and medicine may be increase drastically. History The official start of t... ...Human Genome Project where did it come from, where is it going? American Journal of Human Genetics, 51, 1-6. - Spengler, S. (1997). Emerging technologies from the Human Genome Project for understanding susceptibility and risk. environ mental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 4, 235-238 - van Ommen, G., Bakker, E., & den Dunnen, J. (1999). The human genome project and the future of diagnostics, treatment, and prevention. The Lancet, 354 (suppl 1), 5-10. - Young, D. & Leonard, D. (1999). Issues in genetic testing. Clinical Chemistry, 45(6), 915-926. Websites - http//www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2000/genome/ - http//www.celera.com/ - http//www.nih.gov/ - http//www.nhgri.nih.gov/NEWS/about_HGP.html - http//www.nhgri.nih.gov/HGP/ - http//www.ornl.gov/TechResources/Human_Genome/home.html - http//www.sciencemag.org

50s TV :: essays research papers

     This is a revolutionary invention that is compared to the Light Bulb. It is large box with shades of black and white that replaced the every day listened to radio by a mile. What is it you say? It is the Television. This new device brought the images of the world to every home of America replacing the only listened to radio files easily. As popular as the radio shows were this new addition of picture made TV shows soar in popularity. With a variety of shows ranging from westwards to Game Shows the TV was unquestionably to invention of the decennium all thanks to the out sales boothingcompetitive broadcasting of the TV Shows. Although their were many a(prenominal) great shows in there 50s a few stand out from them all, I Love Lucy maintaining 4 number 1 spot rankings, Gunsmoke with 3 number 1 spot rankings, and The 64,000 Dollar Question..     Gunsmoke the king of all Western Shows was the longest running Western of all time, and was a lso televison longest running series with continuing characters. "Gunsmoke" was about a Mrshell by the name of Matt Dillon ,stared by James Arness, in the frontier town of Dodge City, Kansas in 1873. His kindly companion was Doc Adams , played by Milburn Stone, was the town physician who spent many hours chugging beers at the Longbranch Saloon, owned and operated by the shapely Kitty Russell, who was always attracted to the marshal.     In the 50s a new type of show became huge. This type of show was called Game Shows. These gave prices to lucky contestants who would answer correct questions. The biggest of these Game Shows was The 64,000 Dollar Question. Although many loved it, it was still fixed, and so were many other game shows to. The producers of these shows would give the answers to the well-nigh likeable contestants so they would win.

The Jacket by Gary Soto Essay -- Papers Essays

The Jacket by Gary SotoIn The Jacket Gary Soto uses symbolism to reflect on the characterization and development of the narrator. Soto seems to focus mainly on a crownwork, which has several meanings throughout the story. The treetop is used as a symbol to portray poverty, the narrators insecurity, and the narrators leap of self-destruction.Since the story uses a certain object, the Jacket, as the meaning of several issues, it primarily focuses on the narrators poverty-stricken family. First of all, an example of the poverty is demonstrated when the narrator complains that the jacket was so ugly and big that I knew Id have to wear it a long time(paragraph 3). It is clear that his lack of money was a problem in which he would have to keep the jacket because he could not afford a new one. The narrator then feels embarrassed and upset by the jacket by stating I blame my mother for her bad taste and cheap ways(paragraph 10). By mentioning his mothers cheap ways he is conveying that he is aggravated because of his mothers option to choose bad and ugly clothes in ord...

How War was Portrayed in Beowulf :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

How War was Portrayed in BeowulfThe anonymous author of Beowulf can easily be construed as both arguing for or against warfare in its basic form. However, on a deeper level, the author is giving a profound and perhaps comforting view of war during this time period. The author we know has a great respect for wyrd or fate. We know that the outcome of any engagement of war is already pre-ordained by the noble so how could one argue for or against war when the general consensus was that there was really nothing to be done about it? The author is trying to govern that war is a fact of life and no more in the command of man than the weather storms or rising and falling of the tides. In The bird of passage the author says of the warrior that fully fixed is his fate(Norton 100). There can be no meandering on the path of ones fate, no field his mindset or resolve. Beowulf also echoes this sentiment in the line Hrothgar was given success in warfare, glory in fight(Donaldson 4). Glory in battle is not something that is won or achieved. The virtues of success in battle and glory are not given out by lords, save but One. besides the Almighty may bestow the honor and glories of battle. Another passage in Beowulf further reveals this idea. Then may Almighty God assign glory on whichever hand seems good to him. This reinforces the idea that fate controls all things but further asserts that the strength of both combatants has no real relevance to the outcome of battle which is firm by the Almighty. This is not to say that any man on any day who is favor of God may achieve glory and renown by haplessly throwing himself into battle. We are shown in Beowulf that the only part of the battle left up to man is his courage and bravery. These virtues, which were held in such high esteem, can bring a man to the brink of victory and glory. His steadfastness seems a prerequisite to Gods favor. God does not reward cowardice as we see in the case of Unferth and the thanes of Beowulf save for Wiglaf in his final battle with the dragon. God rewards those who stand tall in the face of evil. Here is a passage to illustrate this aspire found in Beowulf.

Essay --

The way that from each one individual interprets, retrieves, and responds to the information in the universe that surrounds you is known as perception. It is a personal way of creating opinions about others and ourselves in everyday life and being able to recognize it under various conditions. apiece persons perceptions are used as a kind of filter that every piece of information has to pass through before it determines the issue that it has or will have on the person from the stimulus. It is convincing to believe that we create multiple perceptions about different situations and objects each day. Perceptions reflect our opinions in many another(prenominal) ways. The quality of a persons perceptions is very important and can affect the response that is given through different situations. Perception is often deceived as reality. Through perception, people process information inputs into responses involving feelings and action. (Schermerhorn, et al. p. 3). Perception can be influe nced by a persons personality, values, or experiences which, in turn, can roleplay little role in reality. People make sense of the world that they perceive because the visual system makes practical explanations of the information that the eyes pick up. With each of our senses (sight, smell, touch, taste, and hear), information is transmitted to the brain. Psychologists find it problematic to explain the processes in which the physical energy that is received by the sense organs can form the fanny of perceptual experience. Perception is not a direct mirroring of stimulus, but a compound messy pattern dependent on the simultaneous activity of neurons. stunning inputs are somehow converted into perceptions of laptops, music, flowers, food, and cars into sights, sounds, smells, taste ... ...ory seems to be based on the perceivers working under the ideal circumstances, where stimulus information is plentiful and available for an confiscate length of time. Gregorys constructivist th eories have typically involved viewing under less than ideal conditions. We understand and see things not as they are, but as we are and see them to be. The world can be compared to an illusion by not always being able to see things as they are. It is the choice of the gay brain whether to understand things. Naturally, each mind is different and is meant to perceive things differently. While growing up, our family, education, and experiences impact our mind and persuade each of our opinions and alter perceptions of everything we do. Our perception becomes the bottom of our future. As we grow older, learn new ideas, and experience new things, our perception can be changed.

Essay --

The way that each individual interprets, retrieves, and responds to the information in the human that surrounds you is known as intelligence. It is a personal way of creating opinions about others and ourselves in everyday life and being able to recognize it on a lower floor various conditions. Each persons perceptions are used as a charitable of filter that every piece of information has to pass through before it determines the effect that it has or will have on the person from the stimulus. It is convincing to recollect that we create multiple perceptions about different situations and objects each day. Perceptions reflect our opinions in many ways. The quality of a persons perceptions is very important and stool affect the response that is given through different situations. Perception is often deceived as reality. Through perception, people process information inputs into responses involving feelings and action. (Schermerhorn, et al. p. 3). Perception can be influenced by a persons personality, values, or experiences which, in turn, can play little role in reality. People make sense of the world that they perceive because the visual system makes practical explanations of the information that the eyes pick up. With each of our senses (sight, smell, touch, taste, and hear), information is transmitted to the brain. Psychologists find it problematic to explain the processes in which the sensible energy that is received by the sense organs can form the foundation of perceptual experience. Perception is not a direct mirroring of stimulus, but a compound messy pattern dependent on the simultaneous activity of neurons. Sensory inputs are somehow converted into perceptions of laptops, music, flowers, food, and cars into sights, sounds, smells, taste ... ...ory seems to be based on the perceivers working under the ideal circumstances, where stimulus information is plentiful and available for an appropriate length of time. Gregorys constructivist theories have typically involved viewing under less than ideal conditions. We understand and see things not as they are, but as we are and see them to be. The world can be compared to an illusion by not always being able to see things as they are. It is the choice of the human brain whether to understand things. Naturally, each mind is different and is meant to perceive things differently. art object growing up, our family, education, and experiences impact our mind and persuade each of our opinions and alter perceptions of everything we do. Our perception becomes the basis of our future. As we grow older, learn new ideas, and experience new things, our perception can be changed.

Madina Charter Essay

1.This is a document from Muhammad the Prophet (may Allah invoke him and grant him peace), governing relations between the Believers i.e. Muslims of Quraysh and Yathrib and those who followed them and worked hard with them. They piss single nation Ummah.2.The Quraysh Mohajireen pass on continue to pay blood money, according to their present custom.3.In case of state of war with whatsoever body they allow redeem their prisoners with kindness and justice common among Believers. (Not according to pre-Islamic nations where the rich and the poor were treated differently).4.The Bani Awf get out decide the blood money, within themselves, according to their existing custom.5.In case of war with bothbody whole parties some other than Muslims result redeem their prisoners with kindness and justice according to pr guessice among Believers and non in accordance with pre-Islamic notions.6.The Bani Saeeda, the Bani Harith, the Bani Jusham and the Bani Najjar depart be governed on th e lines of the above (principles)7.The Bani Amr, Bani Awf, Bani Al-Nabeet, and Bani Al-Aws leave be governed in the same art objectner.8.Believers will not fail to redeem their prisoners they will pay blood money on their behalf. It will be a common responsibility of the Ummat and not of the family of the prisoners to pay blood money.9.A Believer will not make the freedman of another Believer as his ally against the wishes of the other Believers.10.The Believers, who fear Allah, will oppose the rebellious elements and those that encourage injustice or sin, or enmity or corruption among Believers.11.If anyone is guilty of any such act all the Believers will oppose him even if he be the son of any one of them.12.A Believer will not kill another Believer, for the involvement of an un-Believer. (i.e. even though the un-Believer is his close relative).13.No Believer will help an un-Believer against a Believer.14.Protection (when given) in the arrive at of Allah will be common. The we akest among Believers may give protection (In the Name of Allah) and it will be binding on all Believers.15.Believers argon all friends to each other to the exclusion of all others.16.Those Jews who follow the Believers will be helped and will be treated with equality. (Social, legal and economic equality is promised to all loyal citizens of the State).17.No Jew will be wronged for being a Jew.18.The enemies of the Jews who follow us will not be helped.19.The peace of the Believers (of the State of Madinah) cannot be divided. (it is either peace or war for all. It cannot be that a part of the population is at war with the outsiders and a part is at peace).20.No separate peace will be made by anyone in Madinah when Believers atomic number 18 fighting in the Path of Allah.21.Conditions of peace and war and the accompanying ease or hardships essential be fair and equitable to all citizens alike.22.When going out on expeditions a rider must bow out his fellow member of the Army-sh a re his ride.23.The Believers must avenge the blood of one another when fighting in the Path of Allah (This clause was to remind those in front of whom thither may be less severe fighting that the let was common to all. This also meant that although each battle appeared a separate entity it was in fact a part of the War, which affected all Muslims equally).24.The Believers (because they fear Allah) are better in showing steadfastness and as a result receive guidance from Allah in this respect. Others must also aspire to come up to the same standard of steadfastness.25.No un-Believer will be permitted to take the property of the Quraysh (the enemy) under his protection. Enemy property must be surrendered to the State.26.No un-Believer will intervene in favour of a Quraysh, (because the Quraysh having declared war are the enemy).27.If any un-believer kills a Believer, without good cause, he shall be killed in return, unless the next of kin are satisfied (as it creates law and order pr oblems and weakens the defence of the State). All Believers shall be against such a wrong-doer. No Believer will be allowed to shelter such a man.28.When you differ on anything (regarding this Document) the matter shall be referred to Allah and Muhammad (may Allah bless him and grant him peace).29.The Jews will contribute towards the war when fighting alongside the Believers.30.The Jews of Bani Awf will be treated as one community with the Believers. The Jews have their religion. This will also apply to their freedmen. The exception will be those who act unjustly and sinfully. By so doing they wrong themselves and their families.31.The same applies to Jews of Bani Al-Najjar, Bani Al Harith, Bani Saeeda, Bani Jusham, Bani Al Aws, Thaalba, and the Jaffna, (a clan of the Bani Thaalba) and the Bani Al Shutayba.32.Loyalty gives protection against treachery. (loyal sight are protected by their friends against treachery. As long as a person remains loyal to the State he is not likely to s uccumb to the ideas of being treacherous. He protects himself against weakness).33.The freedmen of Thaalba will be afforded the same view as Thaalba themselves. This status is for fair dealings and full justice as a right and equal responsibility for military service.34.Those in alliance with the Jews will be given the same treatment as the Jews.35.No one (no tribe which is party to the promise) shall go to war except with the permission of Muhammed (may Allah bless him and grant him peace). If any wrong has been done to any person or party it may be avenged.36.Any one who kills another without warning (there being no just cause for it) amounts to his slaying himself and his household, unless the killing was done due to a wrong being done to him.37.The Jews must bear their own expenses (in War) and the Muslims bear their expenses.38.If anyone attacks anyone who is a party to this Pact the other must come to his help.39.They (parties to this Pact) must seek mutual advice and consul tation.40.Loyalty gives protection against treachery. Those who avoid mutual consultation do so because of lack of sincerity and loyalty.41.A man will not be made liable for misdeeds of his ally.42.Anyone (any item-by-item or party) who is wronged must be helped.43.The Jews must pay (for war) with the Muslims. (this clause appears to be for occasions when Jews are not taking part in the war. Clause 37 deals with occasions when they are taking part in war).44.Yathrib will be Sanctuary for the people of this Pact.45.A stranger (individual) who has been given protection (by anyone party to this Pact) will be treated as his host (who has given him protection) while (he is) doing no harm and is not committing any crime. Those given protection but indulging in anti-state activities will be liable to punishment.46.A woman will be given protection only with the bear of her family (Guardian). (a good precaution to avoid inter-tribal conflicts).47.In case of any dispute or controversy, whic h may result in trouble the matter must be referred to Allah and Muhammed (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), The Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) of Allah will accept anything in this document, which is for (bringing about) piety and goodness.48.Quraysh and their allies will not be given protection.49.The parties to this Pact are bound to help each other in the event of an attack on Yathrib.50.If they (the parties to the Pact other than the Muslims) are called upon to make and maintain peace (within the State) they must do so. If a similar demand (of making and maintaining peace) is made on the Muslims, it must be carried out, except when the Muslims are already engaged in a war in the Path of Allah. (so that no secret ally of the enemy can aid the enemy by calling upon Muslims to end hostilities under this clause).51.Everyone (individual) will have his share (of treatment) in accordance with what party he belongs to. Individuals must benefit or suffer for t he good or bad deed of the base they belong to. Without such a rule party affiliations and discipline cannot be maintained.52.The Jews of al-Aws, including their freedmen, have the same standing, as other parties to the Pact, as long as they are loyal to the Pact. Loyalty is a protection against treachery.53.Anyone who acts loyally or otherwise does it for his own good (or loss).54.Allah approves this Document.55.This document will not (be employed to) protect one who is unjust or commits a crime (against other parties of the Pact).56.Whether an individual goes out to fight (in accordance with the terms of this Pact) or remains in his home, he will be safe unless he has committed a crime or is a sinner. (i.e. No one will be punished in his individual capacity for not having gone out to fight in accordance with the terms of this Pact).57.Allah is the Protector of the good people and those who fear Allah, and Muhammad (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) is the courier of Allah (He guarantees protection for those who are good and fear Allah).

Analysis of the Character of Winston in 1984 Essay

Written by the author George Orwell, 1984 gives a terrifying outlook of ships company. George Orwell presents a world in which society, check up onled by the State, is indoctrinated in propaganda and illusion. The of import character is different from the rest of the people since he decides to defy the society he lives in. From the first chapters, the author creates the image of an unsatisfied man with the people ring him. The character of Winston, however, seems a bit of a paradox since, whilst he tries to rebel against his society, he irrevocably loves his hire out.From the beginning of the book, Winston disobeys the Partys orders (by writing a diary), demonstrate his disapproval of the way society is. Furthermore, the fact that Winston keeps a journal, conscious of the danger he risks, is evidence that he hates his society. As the proofreader advances in the first chapter, he can witness Winstons attitude towards the Partys values and the society. His attitude seems to alwa ys differ from the new(prenominal) employees. Indeed during the Two Minutes hate whilst everyone seems to loathe Goldstein, Winston is only faking his hate. This shows his refusal into following the Partys rules.Moreover Winstons hatred was not turned against Goldstein but, on the contrary, against Big Brother, the Party and the Thought police. Winston has a very critical approach to the Partys policies. Winstons uneasiness towards the telescreen is further proof on how he feels about society. Indeed, the telescreen represents another irresponsible flavour of the society. Winston despises the controlling aspect of his society since the telescreen has pushed him into becoming paranoid. Winstons attitude towards the telescreen shows us he hates his society for watching him all the time.Winston also hates women, a specialised part of society. They represent absolute obedience and depersonalization which he completely disapproves of. Yet, his feelings towards them are presented as complex since Orwell insists on the fact that he looks down at them but also feels attracted to them. Winston is however having issues with pretty women he feels that they are joining blindly the Party. His strong hatred for them is shown by the wish to hurt them flog to dying, shoot arrows, and cut her throat at the climaxHowever his apparent complicity with OBrien shows, underneath all the hatred, that Winston is actually longing for a friend in this society he hates. This complicity is due to the fact that Winston feels closely to OBrien as he defied Big Brothers authority. Winston might have then tangle like he was not the only one to fully despise the world he lives in. Winstons hatred for is society has a paradoxical aspect since he reject his societys values and deeply loves his job at the same time. This seems paradoxical because Winston despises the fact that the Party controls, modifies everything whilst his job consists in modifying documents.His job consists in modifyi ng documents, as if he were rewriting History to make it coherent with the Partys claims. Winstons job requires organization skills, with special attention for dates. The reader learns that Winstons greatest pleasure in sprightliness was in his work. The benefits that his job brings to his life are escaping his life and a position of violence. The position of power might refer to the fact that Winston can change elements of the world he lives in and furthermore which might make Winston feel in complete control of his life and work.However, Winston is far from being in control of anything, but he does have a certain amount of power at the Ministry, considering he is allowed to nark archives. This could explain why Winston likes his job so much. Furthermore it seems that Winston is able to interact with the past and its real version being closer to reality than the updated version. On the other hand, Winston expresses a sense of uncertainty concerning the exact authenticity of the v ersion he received. In addition, it is because Winston hates his society he uses his job as a way of forgetting his distressful life.His job requires a lot of concentration and dedication, which is exactly what he needs to escape his boring daily routine. Because he is so involved in his job, his life becomes easier. This means his job gives him the possibility of somewhat escaping from the horror of living under such an regime. 1984s main character Winston is a complex man, who refuses to conform to the norms of society and chooses instead to defy it, while at the same time he very much enjoys his work at the Ministry. Winston hates his society, yet loves his job. This is coherent because the aspects of society that Winston so despises are changeable by his job.

Major Trends in Bank Management

The banking industry of the unify States has experienced tremendous changes over the past few decades. Regulation has had to keep up with the times, of course. The three major changes that the banks of the States arouse worked around in recent decades have required regulatory transformations in order to increase the profits of the banks and at the analogous time to make banking a more convenient facility on offer to the consumers, investors, etc. Banks have merged and in addition ventured into the provision of untraditional banking services to increase their revenues.An example of added gadget that the recent changes in the industry have brought about is the growing repress of American banks in foreign countries. Seeing that globalisation has shifted a large number of American businesses into foreign markets as multinational corporations, the wisdom behind opening American banks in the self same foreign markets is apparent. As a bet of fact, besides consolidation and the prov ision of nontraditional banking services, globalization is the third major trend that has faced the banking industry of the United States especially in the latter one-half of the twentieth vitamin C.The McFadden play of 1927 was an enemy of the expansion of U.S. banks. By prohibiting banks from expanding across state lines, this Act was not unaccompanied a barrier to competition but was also responsible for the establishment of a huge number of small banks with little to show in terms of assets. Thanks to the loopholes that McFadden carried along, the Act was eventually repealed, but only after the states of America began to allow their banks to branch across state lines. It was in 1975 that the state of Maine first allowed interstate branching unto its bank holding companies. Other states of America developed their own banking regulations to the same effect, eventually to rule out the McFadden Act, which was actually replaced by theCongress in the course of study 1994 when the Riegel-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act was passed.This new legislation allowed all U.S. banks to branch across state lines. Consequently, thither were important bank mergers that reduced the number of banks in the country, but did not decrease the number of physical banks or branches sprawled across the United States. Many of the physical banks or branches of banks remained under the supervision of the big, merged banks. Although economists believe that the big, merged banks should be experiencing economies of master in addition to economies of scope, there is no evidence yet to suggest that the consolidated banks of America have indeed experienced economies of scale and scope. At the same time, it has been shown that bank mergers have the capacity to check inefficiency. When an efficient bank takes over an inefficient bank that did not fare too well during the McFadden days there are obvious quality improvement implications.The second major trend that the ban king industry of the U.S. experienced especially in the latter half of the twentieth century was concerned with the provision of nontraditional banking services. Given that banks are function for the sake of profits anything that threatens a source of bank revenue must be replaced by a different revenue source and the changes backed by regulation. The Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 was an obstruction to the revenue generating function of U.S. banks.This Act prohibited banks from venturing forth into investment markets, allowing the pecuniary markets alone to enjoy the blessings of the large corporate loans business. Another loss facing the banks of the nation was a new regulatory requirement introduced during the 1980s making it compulsory for banks to keep a specified minimum ratio of equity capital to total assets.Fortunately, however, during the 1960s, the banks of the United States had alreadybegun to publicly decry the Glass-Steagall Act, ultimately to have it repealed and repl aced by the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999. Subsequently, todays banks are permitted to provide a variety of nontraditional banking services, including interest rate swaps, financial futures, and financial options and thereby increase their revenues. Increases in bank profits are expected to lead to quality improvements also in the traditional banking areas.In addition to the above, the banks of the U.S., especially since the last two decades of the twentieth century, have increasingly assumed the responsibilities of globalization. The Edge Act of 1919 had granted express permission to American banks to establish their subsidiaries abroad in order to ease the functioning of international business. Even so, there were only eight U.S. banks with foreign branches until the 1960s.Today, there are more than one hundred U.S. banks with foreign branches all making it user-friendly especially for American businesses in foreign countries to transact with them. As globalization has replaced the Cold War era in a period of unprecedented integration among markets and economies, a great number of foreign banks have also opened their branches in the United States. These foreign banks in the U.S. were by and large unregulated until the year 1978. The International Banking Act of 1978 changed this to mandate that all foreign banks must also be regulated like the local (American) banks in the country.Even though globalization arrived full-fledged at the banking industry during the last two decades of the twentieth century, its signs had begun to appear as early as 1960s. During that time, the Regulation Q, putting a ceiling on interest rates in the United States, had compelled a huge number of investors to move into European markets where regulations were relativelyrelaxed. Eurodollars were created when the U.S. dollars began to move out of their home country to be deposited into and borrowed from banks that were outside the country.The Eurobond market, for long-term investm ent, was similarly created outside the United States, albeit committed to transactions in U.S. dollars in countries where regulations were more relaxed than in the U.S. These countries were not just in Europe, however. The Bahamas and the Caymans, for example, contend an active role in the Euromarket because of little or no regulation as well as nearly zero taxation.The most recent outgrowth in the banking industry in the area of globalization has been the permission granted by Federal Reserve for the establishment of International Banking Facilities. Allowed since 1981, these special facilities are found in the U.S. and largely unregulated. The only condition that these International Banking Facilities are required to meet is twofold (1) International Banking Facilities should only deposit money that comes to them from outside the United States and (2)They must only lend to borrowers that are based abroad. American multinational corporations in foreign countries may also avail t he services of International Banking Facilities. This cast of departmentalization in terms of the sources and uses of funds is meant to add to the convenience of banking. Furthermore, the creation of International Banking Facilities, plus the changes that the banking industry has experienced in terms of consolidation and the provision of nontraditional banking services proffer evidence that the regulatory agencies are in fact committed to the improvement of business in general.

New Look Jacket Inc.: Variance Analysis Essay

New Look Jacket Inc. (NLJ) specializes in the production of Nylon Jackets and lash Jackets. The attach to delivers successful financial records at the end of the 2012 pecuniary year with the net income of $ 417,100, which is $170,850 greater than the net income budgeted for the 2012 fiscal year despite that the company trading operations goes through some turmoil. A more detail variation shows that the external factor largely responsible for the growth of leather markets that rapidly increase than expect make NLJ to catch with the increase in market demand.Variance AnalysisContribution MarginBased on the figure in Exhibit 1, the make out amount of contribution margin for the Nylon jackets is $4,350 less than the budget. Although, the actual unit of contribution margin is $0.15 greater than the standard due to the lower admin cost and selling per unit. However, the whip jackets centre contribution margin is $325,200 higher than the budget. The actual unit for contribution mar gin is $12.70 less than the standard because of the higher variables in all the business categories. bargain VariancesAnalysis of sale variance reveals that New Look Jackets record 110,000 actual sale volumes greater that sale volume of 100,000 budgeted for the fiscalyear. The favorable variance of 10,000 makes the company to record the increase in the gross sales revenue for the actual budget. The company recorded $5,747,500 as actual revenue comp atomic number 18d to $4,075,000 budgeted as sale revenue making the company to record the favorable variance of $1,672,500 in revenue.Despite the favorable sale variance that the company records, it is only the whip Jacket that records favorable variance because the budgeted sale volume is 5,000 units and the actual sale volume is 16,500 units making the company to record a favorable variance of 11,500 in the sale volume. However, the variance for the sales of Nylon jacket is unfavorable with the budget of 95,000 units for the sale volu me and the actual budget recorded are 93,500 units making the company to record the unfavorable variance of 1,700 units in sales.Thus, the sales mix variance is favorable for the whip jackets, however, unfavorable for the Nylon jacket. The company recorded unexpectedly high in the market of Leather Jacket in 2012 generating favorable mix market for the company.The assume material price is not favorable for the New Look Leather jackets showing that the company spends more in purchasing of direct materials than the price actually budgeted for Leather jackets. The major reason is that the company did not have enough material in stock to produce the quantity of leather jacket demanded. Due to the abnormal increase in demand for the Leather jacket, the company had to make a rush order for the Leather jacket material which consequently led to the increase in the price of direct materials.2. Budget projections for Sales, Direct material, Direct labor, Variable costs and Fixed Cost.The account bring ins a new budget for the New Look Jacket based on the on the company past financial performances and the economic outlook for the 2012 fiscal year. The results of the variance analysis between the 2012 budget and the actual budget at the end 2012 fiscal year is also used to preparethe new budget.AssumptionsThe penning prepares the new budget based on the following assumptionsThe increase in inflation will not be more than 5% and increase in inflation is assumed to carry on the projected fixed costs of operations. The sale volume of Leather jacket is assumed to reach 30,000 units. Essentially, the company did not prepare for the increase in the demand for the Leather jacket in the preceding year, and it is assumed a new trend in fashion will affect the demand for the Leather jackets, which will lead to an increase in the demand for the Leather jackets. The other assumption is that the US economy will not regard a recession that may affect the total demand. Moreover, the income tax will remain the same because the increase in income tax is likely to decline the total demand.Budget ProjectionsThe data in the new budget reveals that the company will realize the total sales volume of 123,500 units in both the Nylon Jacket and Leather jacket. However, it is projected that the demand for the Leather jacket will reach 30,000 units making the company to record the revenue of $4.5 Million in the Leather jacket. The increase in the demand for the Leather jacket will make the company to realize the revenue of more than $7.77 Million. (See Appendix 1 reveals the new budget and Appendix 2 reveals the costs of direct materials and direct labor).Despite the increase in the company total revenue, the company will incur an increase in the cost of direct material and direct labor due to a projected increase in the total demand for the Leather jacket. Moreover, the total fixed costs are projected to increase to $1.5 Million due to 5% increase in inflation. Despi te the increase in the total costs, the company is projected to record a net income of $518,419.ReferenceFoster, H. & Teall, D. G (2012). Cost Accounting A Managerial Emphasis, (5th Canadian Edition). Canada, (CMA Online Library).