Gender

What Is gender oscillation? (4 marks) 1. 2 using examples, explain how gender oscillation takes place wealth families? (6 marks) 1. 3 Identify and explain two possible problems that are a result of gender solicitation In the family. (4 marks) 1. 4 what strategies can be employed to redress problems relating to gender solicitation? (6 marks) Task 2- 4 typed pages, font 12, double spacing follow: I am the Girl Child by Antitank Cabala When I was born in Imbue, you tied twigs on my cot saying I would be a fetcher of firewood.When I was born in Inner, you said four ululations for me and five for my brother When I was born in Ethiopia, you said to give birth to a girl child was to bear a problem' When I was born in Zambia, you said ‘a girl is a peanut seed, she enlarges the clan' When I was born in Somalia, you told me that women are children with big feet When I was born in Nigeria, you told me that women were responsible for making the sky go higher and higher so that we cannot fe ed on it When I was born in Cameroon, you told me Women are half men' Finally, when I was born in BurningFast, you said When a woman praises you for climbing, she is praising you for your falling' My country, look at me! My continent, my father, my mother, my brother, my sisters too. 2. 1 Identify and explain the gender Issues In the poem (5 marks) 2. 2 What are the direct and indirect causes of African societies' negative perception of women as evidenced in the poem? (5 marks) 2. 3 How do such perceptions Influence the treatment of women and men In African societies? (5 marks) 2. 4 Give suggestions on what can be done to deconstruct such perceptions? (5 marks)

Tourist destinations – Drayton Manor and Salisbury Cathedral

Drayton manor is a park visited mostly by * Adults * Children * Families * Mother and toddlers * Education groups from schools, colleges and universities * Organised groups and outings * Grandees (60 plus) * Disabled group Accessibility: Location Drayton manor is located near the M42 Not very far from Birmingham southwest and cities like Nottingham and Derby. Opening times Drayton manors currently closed and Thomas land opened on the 12th February 2011- 27th February 2011 half term The park will fully open on the 19th march – the 30th October 2011. The staff will start putting in work rides at 9:30 and the rides will be ready for customers to come on them at 10:30, and will close at 5pm. Transport links You can get to Drayton Manor Park by * your own car You can insert their code (B78 3SA) on your navigation satellite and it will bring you straight to the park, you also get free car parking when you bring your own car so you won't need to pay for car parking. * Train service You can take bus from where ever you are located and go to trains station when you reach your train station you take the train with the London midland- towards Crewe and then you get down at the 1st stop which is Tamworth. Range products The have places for children's like Thomas land and at Thomas land there are varieties of things to do like: 1. Thomas land parties: the birthday child goes in the park for free, commemorative photo for the birthday child with their party in Thomas land and also with friends. They also have play areas for children's to spend the time and play any type of game they want. 2. 100 rides and attractions Such as: * The bounty * Maelstrom * G-force * Pandemonium * Shockwave * Storm force 10 * apocalypse 3. 15 acre zoo and zoo farm 4. Garden centre 5. Camping and caravan ground 6. Games/stalls 7. Arcade Services provided: * The park has to offer the following facilities to disabled people: 1. They assistants who will help you walk around with the disabled groups and help you if you need anything. 2. They have fast passes for all disabled people 3. They make sure all disabled toilets are available 4. They have extra wheelchairs for hire that cost à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 and electronic ones will cost à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10. 5. They have fist aids and medical centers incase any of them feels sick all of a sudden. * The park also has facilities fir mother and their babies such as: 1. Comfortable and private sites where they can nurse their babies. 2. Baby changing facilities 3. They have shops where they can buy food for their babies incase they don't want to bring a lot of things with them or they need extra. 4. Have shops where they can buy baby nappies and also hire baby buggies for à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5. 5. They also have people who are experience with babies that can take care of your babies for you incase you want to do something. Cost of living Age groups Price Online price 12-64 years à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½32.00 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½21.95 4 – 11 years à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½19.95 2 – 3 years à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.50 Under 2 years FREE à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Grandee (aged 65+) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½19.00 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½19.00 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Disabled / Helper (each) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½22.00 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 3 Family Members à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½73.50 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 4 Family Members à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½98.00 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 5 Family Members à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½122.50 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Annual Pass they have an annual pass that allows to get in to the park, so baisially you will not have to pay at the entrance, you will just have to show them your pass and you can go in and a a wonderful day at the park. There is a different price for each age group * à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½90 for aged 12 to 64 * à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½70 for aged 4 to 11 * à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½55 for aged 65 plus * à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½65 for a registered disabled visitor * à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½35 for aged 2 to 3. Salisbury Cathedral Accessibility: Location Salisbury, Wiltshire, England Opening times: The Cathedral is open from 7:15am to 6:15pm The Chapter house, restaurant and shops are open at 9:30am-5:30p You can tour around the towers during the summer at 11:15am, 2:15pm, and 3:15pm to 5pm and in winter 2:15pm only. Transport links: BEEHIVE (501) WILTON (502) BRITFORD (503) LONDON ROAD (504) Range of products: * The cathedral * Shop where people can find souvenir * Special events like: 1. Art for adult courses 2. The history of Christianity in 27 objects 3. Organ recitals 4. Concerts†¦ * Salisbury Cathedral * Oldest Clock in the World * The Spire of Salisbury Cathedral * the original Magna Carta in the chapter House Services provided: The cathedral provide a number of people who speak different type of languages that can walk you around the cathedral, show you different places and also tell you about them. There is different type of languages such as: English Dutch Hungarian Chinese Latvian French Italian Czech Japanese Portuguese German Spanish Polish Russian Danish They also have facilities for disabled people such as: Easy access to every attraction and everything in the cathedral and outside it. Toilets are available at all time. You can also hire wheelchair. They have a dog assistant to walk you around. They have Braille leaflets and books for people who can't hear and talk. There are shops and a restaurant inn the cathedral incase you want to have a little rest and eat something. Cost living: Tower tour: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½8 adults, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6 children/seniors Cathedral: its allows you to make a donation of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 for adults, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4.25 elder and students and children 5-17 only if you want to. Image: People like families and schoolchildren, would rather go and spend time at Drayton Manor than Salisbury Park because Salisbury is a religious place and it attracts cultural people who like history. Drayton Manor Park is surrounded by hotels, restaurants shops which is good incase for families as they will have a place to stay, where to shop and where to eat.

Meiosis and Genetic Diversity in the Model Organism

4 November 2013 Section 24 TA- Erik Ohlson Meiosis and Genetic Diversity in the Model Organism, Sordaria flmicola Introduction Research groups from the Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine and the Institute of Evolution at the University of Haifa have been studying the model organism, Sordaria fimicola, in regards to controlling cross over frequency in response to environmental pressures. Sordaria fimicola is a good model organism because it has a fast life cycle and elongated asci that are easily seen under a microscope.In addition, there are multiple different combinations of ascospore olors due to recombination during meiosis. Evolution Canyon is the research model for this experiment because of its exceedingly differing slopes. The South facing slope (SFS) receives high temperatures and droughts due to the high solar radiation. On the other hand, the North facing slope (NFS) exhibits shadier, cooler, and more humid climates. Asexual filaments were collected from e ither slope and grown in the lab.Wild type spores(black spores) were acquired from self-cross between the asexual filaments and spore color mutants (tan spores) were obtained from wild type trains that produced non-black spores that arose spontaneously within each population. They made crosses with wild type vs. tan spores from differing slopes (NFS-SFS) and found that cross over frequencies between the differing slopes was great (Hass and Ward, 2010). Contrary to previous belief, cellular mechanisms were influenced by environmental conditions; this tells us that differing environments can lead to different recombination frequencies.In our part of the experiment, we created a control where the spores were grown under the same optimal lab conditions. The combinations of ascospores we observed include, 4:4, 2:2:2:2, and 2:4:2. During meiosis, 4 ascospores are produced after crossing over occurs. Then the spores undergo a series of mitosis where 8 spores are then created. In a 4:4 reco mbination, there could either be 4 tan then 4 black or 4 black than 4 tan. In the 2:2:2:2, there could be tan, black, tan, black or vice versa. In the 2:4:2, there could be tan, black, tan and so on.Therefore, 6 different combinations asci classes can occur. Our goal for this experiment was to identify the different spores, cross over frequency, and mapping distance. However, there were challenges in preparing the squashes, and then identifying the different spores. Methods We divided the petri dish into four sections, where the wild black type samples were diagonal from each other and the tan type samples were also diagonal from each other hyphae side down onto mating agar to increase the possibility of crossing over to occur.After two weeks, using an inoculating loop, we scraped some perithecia from the center of the dividing lines where we believed crossing over occurred. We then placed them on slides with a drop of water to observe the crossing over requencies under a microscope . Pressure was applied to the coverslip in order to release the asci from within the perithecia in order to count the frequency of each asci type. To calculate cross over frequency and map distance, we used the formulas: 1. % Cross Over=( # of recombinant asci/ total # asci) x 100% 2.Map Distance= % cross over/ 2 *Note that map distance accounts for all spores, but in our experiment only half crossed over, we divide by 2. Results Table 1. Individual Data. This illustrates the number each recombination found within our picture we were provided. Non-recombinant Recombinant Total # of Asci Total # Recombant Asci (B+C) # of Type A Asci # of Type B Asci # of Type C Asci 8 5 3 4 Table 1 illustrates the number each recombination found within our picture we

Investigation of communication between people in health and social Essay

Investigation of communication between people in health and social care - Essay Example The behaviorist theory explains that every physical action or gesture is to be construed as an expression of behavior, this philosophy argues that every thing an organism does, including the thought process and feelings, should be considered as behavior. Understanding and applying the behaviorist theory, by observing the actions of the patient in context of this theory, the Health Care Professional can better cater to the psychological requirements of the patient, which in turn can have a positive outcome in the treatment, and psychological management of the patient, while the patient is in a state of trauma due to an emotional incident or a life threatening ailment. Cognitive theory can help decision making in nursing by providing a framework, which incorporates acquiring empirical data from patients and assimilating new cases with the older ones, investigating the methods which proved to be successful in the past, and identifying and applying those to newer cases. The Psychoanalytical theory deals wit... Verbal communication is the most important aspect of direct communication with the patients which involves nursing etiquette, and some other guidelines. The nurse is expected to speak clearly with the patient, in a slow, even tome for the convenience of the patient , the nurse is expected to address the patient by his/her name to give an impression of individualistic care and attention, broadly it directs you to be gentle in your interaction with the patient. Non-verbal form of communication suggests that while dealing with patients who are hard of hearing, along with speech, the nurse should use hands to accentuate the meaning.You can even write or draw out pictures for the convenience of patients who are deaf, or if the patient prefers a digital form of communication such as laptops, you can even arrange for that. It is rudimentary to call a person by his/her name, whilst seeking attention of the patient and introducing yourself to the patient in the same way. The patient should be included in the decision making process, this gives the patient the impression that he/she is in control of the situation. Only when the patient is ready to open up and express feelings should he/she be encouraged to do so, the patient should not be rushed into expressing intimate feelings. Patients should not be stereo-typed or prejudiced against in view of the values and beliefs they hold. Inappropriate interpersonal communication is a subjective phenomenon and applies both to the nurse and the patient. In context of the nurse the use of inappropriate language should be avoided at all costs, intentionally or otherwise, the nurse needs to be cognizant of the fact that even his/her best attentions could be misinterpreted and cause mental stress

Quantity Surveying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Quantity Surveying - Essay Example Quantity Surveyor (QS) controls the construction costs by measuring accurately the work required, the application of expert knowledge of costs and prices of work, labour, materials and plant required, an understanding of the implications of design decisions at an early stage to ensure that good value is obtained for the money to be expended. (Wikipedia). To be a quantity surveyor you should have the following qualities: Private Practice surveyor is that quantity surveyor who works on a private company. The role of Quantity surveyor in a private practice is that it acts as the financial and development consultant to the construction and property development. The quantity surveyor in a private practice includes advising clients on the optimal use of funds as well as strategies to maximize human and physical resources. The traditional QS in a private practice have the following functions: A quantity surveyor in a construction company has a broader role than that of the private practice. In the construction company you need to deal with different kind of people. From the project supervisor, to the engineers and to the workers. An extended knowledge in the surrounding is important. The construction surveyor is concerned with the accurate measurement and position of points on the earth's surface, and to establishment of boundaries. They can do this by measuring the relative horizontal and vertical position of points on the ground, aided by a theodolite or similar optical instrument. QS, In a construction site is much more complicated than that of the private practice. Although there is some role in the private practice that is also being done by the QS in the construction company such as: talk to architects, engineers, builders, contractors, suppliers and project owners study architectural and engineering drawings and specifications prepare a 'Bill of Quantities', which lists the individual components required to construct the project check on changes of design to assess the effects on cost assess and recommend payment to contractors during construction prepare monthly cash-flow forecasts for clients and tax depreciation schedules undertake feasibility studies to assist in decisions about the worth of a project proceeding act as consultants to business and government. Contractors' quantity surveyor is responsible for all legal and commercial matters within the contracting organization. As shown in the graph

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 15

Art - Essay Example It would have been more natural if he had drawn soft boundaries with light pencil. Warhol has very nicely painted the nose giving shades of gray and white color very nicely. It is where he has kept his hand very light giving this feature a very original feel. The sketch is cool overall and the painter has no doubt drawn it with keen observation. I like the way the hair has been drawn and painted giving the man a sober look. The hair is not parted and is very cleverly hiding half of the ear. The collar covering the neck has also been nicely drawn giving a brief description of the man’s satire. Although, the picture is not colorful, yet the sketch is complete in itself and the color tones the painter has used seem enough for this piece of art. It is his great success that he has been able to show what age the man was, how he looked like, and his personality, using a few shades of two to three colors. In this picture, Raymond Johnson has put into abstract the sky and landscape of New Mexico and the picture tells more of his experience with the scene. Johnson was of the view that a masterpiece results from actual experience depicted in the form of painting and what counts is the internal significance of things which is an abstract quality. Something painted in abstract gives it the real life and soul. Johnson has always used two approaches to paint land. First, he would give a deep insight into his mood and experience that he had, and second, he would paint out in abstract everything giving special consideration to their forms and the manner in which they receive and emit light. The picture is a beautiful abstract form of landscape with black clouds hovering over it giving the feel of gloominess and pleasure at the same time. I like the green patches the painter has shown on the landscape and the shades of orange, pink, green and yellow give a very soothing look. The place the pai nter had in his mind must have been a piece of calm and cozy piece of land which

Gender, Crime and Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Gender, Crime and Criminal Justice - Essay Example However this is not necessary, as research shows certain cases where women are convicted to such acts just in order to gain internal satisfaction, which indicates psychological disorders. Prostitution, which is considered to be a common societal dilemma today, was not, always, a criminal offence in England. In eighteenth century; the prostitution offences were specifically soliciting, living off immoral earnings, and running 'houses of ill fame', but these were enforced selectively. Manifestly neither the proprietors, nor the women who catered for gentlemen in these establishments, were perceived as members of a criminal class or professional criminals; and at this end the profits were handsome. The less salubrious 'houses of ill fame' were more vulnerable, though even in some of the poorest districts the police did not interfere with them. (Chesney, 1970) Women could be violent. Some beat, or otherwise ill-treated, servants and apprentices; on occasions such violence went too far and landed them in court. (Crime and Punishment in Eighteenth-Century England, 1989) Women fought each other; less commonly they fought with men and, like Jane Smith, a few fought with the police. Like their men folk Irish women had a particular reputation in this respect. (The Unwritten Law: Criminal Justice in Victorian Kent, 1991) Today a chivalry perspective holds the view that male officers are reluctant to arrest females, thus reducing the number of female offenders counted. Also it is observed that most women offenders are never caught because of the types of crimes they commit. (Otto, 1950) Finally, some observers claim 'paternalism' toward female offenders in the juvenile and criminal justice systems that effectively operates as a filtering-out mechanism. Official accounts, which are largely based upon arrest and court data, are the basis for the compilation of most crime and delinquency statistics. Court data introduce the potential problems of diversion, paternalism, or chivalry, which may distort the number of female offenders. The number of female arrests presents the 'danger of using the terms arrest and crimes committed interchangeably, and arrest statistics may not be the most reliable source of data for determining actual crime rates.' (Rita James Simon, 1975, p. 36) Three different aspects can examine the dilemma of female crime; first, all the specific offenses which are historically associated with female offenders. (Carol Smart, 1976, p. 6-8). The second area of focus includes those offenses for which women and girls are more frequently arrested as indicated in the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Uniform Crime Reports (1978). Third, a number of offenses that are generally considered unusual from female characteristics. Violent Crimes Most crimes of violence by females take place in the family setting where the victims are usually the

Outline why can change be a problem for organisations Essay

Outline why can change be a problem for organisations - Essay Example rganizations’ strategies as well as structures guarantee that the company is present and willing to do more than just provide products and services to the end consumers. It wants to make the people realize that the company is there and wants to do its very best by tailoring its strategies in such a manner that can only benefit them nonetheless. A company or an organization without the target people is nothing more than an office set up with employees and employers working for no one, at the end of the day. Also the fact that organizations need to evolve over a period of time is testimony enough for them to grow within themselves and thus adopt and hold on to a new path altogether, one that will be their torchbearer as well as reap rich dividends for them not only in the present times but also in the future. These strategies are so much in alignment with the future goals and tactical perspectives that they fulfill what is really expected of them, both in terms of short term expectations as well as the long run. Planning is thus the key word here and for any multinational to succeed in the long run, it is of paramount significance to have a safe and sound plan ready and not only that but also be proactive in its approach towards the accomplishment of the plan nonetheless. (Shiplett, 2000) The basis of all strategies and structural changes that usually happen from time to time is on the shoulders of the top management where they have to decide whether or not the adopted strategy be the source of light in the coming quarters or years for that matter. It is only upon their insistence to have the same within their ranks that the new strategic planning is done in the first place. If the top management is not ready, it is very difficult for the knowledge organization, which really is the middle management of present times, to do even an iota of struggle. The multinationals for that matter depend a lot on the parental concerns, which at times, might be located off

Gordon Adams, Organ Selling, and E Pluribus Unum Essay

Gordon Adams, Organ Selling, and E Pluribus Unum - Essay Example This essay presents a portfolio of my three projects, which addresses them in relation to subject matter knowledge, writing process knowledge, rhetorical knowledge, genre knowledge, discourse community knowledge, and meta-cognition. Ultimately, the essay will draw a detailed conclusion on semester growth and impact on other discourse communities as an author and as a responder. In writing the project, the summary of Gordon Adams essay, I sought to address a specific audience, which includes students from Arizona State University, the management of Arizona State University, career experts, academic professionals, and future law students. Ideally, the purpose of this project was to present the views and academic journey of the future law student as well as my opinion on his views. Furthermore, the constraints related to this project relate to lack of reference literature, a possibility of biased information, cultural influence, and use of second person narration. The stance of this pro ject depicts the mental or emotional position adopted with respect to Gordon Adams’ letter. The stance is that of hostility against the University’s Mathematics Requirement Arizona and that Arizona State University should grant Adams his request because he would not require algebra knowledge in his legal profession. The ethos of this project relates to the fact that Gordon Adams was an adult, a Justice Studies student of the university student, and a member of the Pawnee Tribe of Oklahoma who seeks to become a lawyer and representative of his tribe. The pathos of the project relates to the fact that he was the first person in his tribe to enter college, had a good academic record, and focused on his career path. The logos of the project relate to the idea that the legal profession does not require algebra knowledge. This project depicts metacognition where Adams uses higher thinking to realize that a waiver of the university’s mathematics requirements would help him realize his career objectives. Moreover, the genres used in this project include narrative writing, descriptive writing, and persuasive writing where I use logical appeals and emotions to win the audience’ support from my viewpoint. Notably, my project refers to the mathematics discourse community s seen in the specialized terminologies as algebra used in the project. In writing the project, I sought to address a specific audience, which includes kidney patients in America and their families, medical professionals, and my fellow students. Ideally, the purpose of this project was to present the views of the two authors, analyze their power of conviction, and present my opinion with regard to organ selling as a solution to kidney problems in America. The constraints in this project relate to the possibility of unsound and unhealthy decisions, lack of medical knowledge, and the presence of both positive and negative statements. The stance of this project depicts the legal, medical, and emotional position adopted with respect to organ selling. Joanna MacKay’s stance is in support of organ selling while David Holcberg’s stance is in support of human capacity to reason and make the right decisions. Most assuredly, my stance is that the legalization of organ selling can help many people but be building healthy lives would be more efficient in helping kidney patients.     

What are the 3 key factors to consider when buying merchandise for a Essay

What are the 3 key factors to consider when buying merchandise for a high street fashion brand such as Topshop - Essay Example As buying occurs in set periods it’s further necessary to have significant foresight. Another prominent factor that buyers must consider is quality control (Goworek 2005, p. 9). While there is generally a quality control department it’s recognized that they contribute to finalizing the aesthetic aspects of the fit, shape, length and proportion of the garment; additionally, it may be necessary to test the fabric to ensure that it matches the end retailer’s standards. The final factor that buyers must consider when purchasing merchandise for a high street fashion brand is progressive sales of past brands (Goworek 2005, p. 17). This is a slightly complex notion as it necessitates that buyers consider the specific sales of garments in the range and recognize then effectively manage these purchases in the context of future buying patterns. While it may not always be possible to purchase the same garments the buyer can match specific trends within these ranges accordin g to retail tendencies to achieve maximum

Microeconomic issue- halo effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Microeconomic issue- halo effect - Essay Example nsumers tend to associate the positive quality of a personality’s image with a product and its brand, and since consumers have aspirations and desires, the seller hopes that the image associated with the product is powerful enough for the consumer to take action; first, to desire the satisfaction associated with the image, and second, to think that the product and brand linked to the image would be the means to achieve that satisfaction. This association between a person’s reputation and his words and actions is what the Halo Effect is all about (Economist.com). Thorndike in a 1920 study observed the Halo Effect at work in a study involving soldiers and the way they rated their officers. He discovered that when soldiers viewed their officer in a positive way, all the officer’s actions are viewed positively. This is the way a son would treat the punishment from a father whom the son admires: every punishment is for the son’s good, no matter how unjust the punishment may seem to an outside observer. Applied to microeconomics and the behavior of firms and consumers, the halo effect can be observed at work in many instances. In fact, the global economic crisis may have been caused by the halo effect, and the same halo effect is being used to get the world out of the crisis. Rosenzweig, writing in the McKinsey Quarterly, observed how the halo effect could explain both business success and failure, emphasizing the importance of consumer or observer perception in determining economic behavior. Among the horror stories associated with the crisis, the investment scam of Madoff shows how the halo effect contributed both to his success and failure. Madoff was an investment banker who served as the Chairman of NASDAQ, the over-the-counter stock market that boomed in the late 1990s. According to the New York Times, Madoff was able to head NASDAQ because of his high-profile lifestyle and low-key consistency in generating above-average returns for investors. His

Psychology Lifespan Essay Example for Free

Psychology Lifespan Essay Ellen DeGeneres never thought that announcing she was a lesbian would have been a big deal. She knew then that what she was doing would caused questions and controversy but not in a way where she would be considered the poster child for the Gay Community. The way Ellen came out to the world was a bigger shock to her than it was to her audience. This is when Ellen realized that she changed more than her own life coming out. Her fan base got bigger and her life opened up for the greater good. She felt like coming out should not change what she would be doing for humanity. On Ellen’s 50th birthday, she decided to raise money and get notice to her hometown, New Orleans, Louisiana, some help for the August 2005 Hurricane Katrina. This storm was one of the most deadly storms in United States history. During the storm the federal flood protection system failed and the levee broke, flooding 80% of the city and surrounding cities for weeks. Since Ellen had connections with many other celebrities, she used those connections to get help for her city. Brad Pitt was one of the celebrities that had a foundation going for rebuilding homes in New Orleans. With the help of Ellen putting out the foundation through her television show, Brad was able to get 150 homes built. She showed her passion for helping out when she told the world why this fundraiser was important to her. She shows that the place she looked at as home and helped made her who she was Ellen DeGeneres has been an inspiration to people for the past twelve years. Ellen’s life had just begun. Ellen DeGeneres came into the world January 26, 1956 in Jefferson, Louisiana at the Oschner Foundation Hospital. In the book, Love, Ellen: A Mother/Daughters Journey (1999), Betty Degeneres, Ellen’s mother, said that she was a miracle. Ellen’s father didn’t want anymore chidren after her brother was born, four years earlier. He thought that one child was sufficient enough. But Betty was determined to convince him that they should try again for another child. According to Lisa Iannucci (2009) Ellen was just a normal child, she played with her sibling and played outside like any other child would do at that age. She was a tomboy that wore fancy dresses and played with Barbie dolls. She once had dreams of becoming a naturalist or zoologist. She had a love and passion for animals and wanted to later join the Peace Corps to study the apes in Africa. Growing up Ellen had a fascination for great comedians such as Jack Benny, George Gorbel, and the comedy team Bob and Ray. Watching these comics entertain crowds was a little informal training of Ellen’s career in the later years. Ellen discovered the benefits of comedy when her mother divorced her dad. Her mother had been so down and depressed that Ellen knew she could cheer her up with a laugh. Ellen used this same comedic value to get through the very tough times in her life. When Ellen was sixteen she started partying, becoming rebellious, and hanging out with the wrong crowds. In her small town of Metairie, she would drink beer with her friends and stay out all night. This was her reaction to her mother getting remarried in 1974 to a salesman. Her mother wanted to remove her from the city, so the salesman got a new job in Atlanta, Texas. The DeGeneres family packed up and moved to Atlanta. While in Texas, Ellen started to fit into her new life there. Ellen started dating her first boyfriend, Ben Heath. Her brother Vance was in a band in high school and was receiving a lot of attention. Ellen wanted some of this attention that her brother was getting and was starting to have dreams of becoming famous. Ellen craved for people to like her, she wanted to try to find a way to become famous so people would like her and want to be her friend. Ellen’s family looked like the perfect family from the outside, but something dark and eerie was going on inside. Behind close doors the salesman was crude and bossy and Ellen did not like who he was. During this time Ellen’s mother found out that she had breast cancer. She ended up having a mastectomy and had to do physical therapy and rehabilitation. Betty tried to hide her cancer from Ellen but she needed Ellen’s help to recover. This is when Ellen and her mother became close. During this time of recovery, the salesman molested Ellen. She didn’t want to get her mother upset so she didn’t mention it to her, while she was recovering. When her stepfather tried to molester again, she ran away to a friend’s house. Ellen left Atlanta, Texas and move back to Louisiana with her father after she graduated high school. Once Ellen moved to Louisiana, she enrolled into the University of New Orleans, to major in Communications. Ellen soon found out that college wasn’t for her and dropped out after one semester. Ellen started to search for a career since college didn’t go as planned. During this time of finding a career, Ellen was also finding herself. She was holding another secret about her sexuality from family and friends. She was starting to feel confused about her sexuality. This could have been a result of the nuture factor. Her homosexuality could have been triggered from her stepfather molesting her. Nurture refers to the childhood and how an individual grew up (MacKinnon, 1962). She liked boys in the beginning; she had some boyfriends in the past, but she was never really attracted to men. Once Ellen figured out what sexual orientation that she was, she started dating women but still haven’t broke the news to her family. She decided to tell her mom one day while they were walking along the beach. She started to cry, not because she was afraid, but because she was now free of this secret that she was holding. Her mom embraced her and accepted Ellen’s fate. During this time that Ellen came out about her sexuality, it was forbidden doing those times. In the 1950s consensual gay sex was a felony. The gay communities were trying to fight for rights in the 1960s but were still getting tortured and shunned. Betty started to be afraid for Ellen. Being homosexual was considered to be a mental health disorder by the psychiatric community. The National Gay Task Force Foundation was founded in 1973, in New York, and worked to change the American Psychiatric Association’s grouping of homosexuality as a mental heath problem. Ellen’s brother accepted the news well, but Ellen’s father did take it very well. He later kicked Ellen out of the house, thinking that she would influence her stepsiblings. He later helped her get an apartment and admitted that he regretted what he did to her. Ellen acquired many jobs; she sold clothes, was a bartender, washed cars, shucked oysters, and wrapped gifts. Just like she knew that college wasn’t for her, these jobs weren’t satisfying her neither, she was hungry to do something more. She now knew that she wanted to make people laugh for the rest of her life. She began performing at a few small venues in New Orleans. Her routines were different than other comedians of her time such as, Eddie Murphy, Chris Rock, and Richard Pryor. The difference between them and her was he bits didn’t have vulgarity and sexual references. Ellen joked about her everyday life and experiences. She did this to relate to her audiences. Ellen started to take off in her career. She started competing in comedy competition where she placed first in the â€Å"Funniest Person in America† competition. She later went to open for a few acts in Las Vegas where the producer from â€Å"The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson† was there and asked her to come on the show. Once she performed on the Tonight Show, this put her career in overdrive and she became a superstar. She became the first female comedic to seat on the big couch on the Tonight Show. She ended up coming back on six more times in two years. She later got a minor role on Open House in 1989. It was a spin-off of the fox show Duet. She then went and filmed her first HBO special Young Comedian Reunion, in 1986. Two years later she appeared in HBO’s Women of the Night. She got a small role in the movie The Coneheads, and got her own sitcom on ABC called These Friends of Mine. Ellen revealed her true sexual preference in Time magazine April 1997 issue. In this issue she talked about her life as a gay woman and hiding who she was in the comedian community. She made her character on her television show Ellen also comes out of the closet. This caused some controversy for the Christian religion organizations. She made her first appearance publicly with her sexuality at the White House Correspondents Dinner with actress Anne Heche on her arm. In 1998 Ellen honored at the 9th Annual GLAAD Media Awards with the Stephen F. Kolzak Award. Ellen now was fighting for her lesbian life on and off the television. Her mother started to become an advocate to her daughter’s lifestyle. Betty started volunteering at the Human Rights Campaign. Her mother became the first nongay national spokesperson for the Human Rights Campaign. She was helping to encourage and assist gay people in coming out and living honestly. Her mother also became an active member of Parents, Family, and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG). In 2003 Ellen started her own daytime television talk show called The Ellen Degeneres Show. People were afraid that Ellen would just bring up gay themes through out the show and didn’t want it to go on air. Once people got over the fact that Ellen was gay, her show started to skyrocket on television ratings. It was the television show that Ellen had always wanted. She could make people laugh and every loved her. In season two the show won five daytime Emmys. In 2005 Ellen won a Grammy for having the best comedy album for the audio portion of her book. She also won some awards at the People’s Choice Awards. While her show was getting good ratings, she met her current wife, Portia de Rossi. She met Portia at a photo shoot in 2004. Ellen and Portia quickly fell in love. They both ended their current relationships and started dating in 2005. They went on to get married in 2008 after California passed the Same-Sex Marriage Act. With all of Ellen’s life decisions, it had to do with her social and emotional development. She was always able to make transitions from one activity to another. Her ability to start a new when it came to her many careers before she found the right one was an example of her social/emotional development (Roeser, Eccles, Sameroff, 2000). She showed cooperation with others when she was getting ridiculed for her coming out, but she stayed humbled and didn’t let it get to her (Webb, 1994).

Energy Efficiency: Directives and Legislation

Energy Efficiency: Directives and Legislation 2.1 Introduction The debate is ongoing, but there is now overwhelming scientific evidence that mans activities are causing significant climate change. Climate change has the potential to affect all aspects of life on earth and will have major detrimental social, economic and environmental impacts. The best response to these challenging issues is to change. Change the way we think. Change the way we act. (Get source) 2.2 Background to Directives for Climate Change The International climate change agenda containing the Directives and Legislation that drives for energy efficiency began in 1992 with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The objectives of the UNFCCC were to: stabilise the atmospheric greenhouse gases at a level that would prevent dangerous interference with the climatic system, to be achieved in a time frame to ensure food production is not threatened and to enable economic development proceeds in a sustainable manner. The UNFCCC is the parent treaty of the Kyoto Protocol (1997) which was developed to implement the UNFCCC effectively and properly. (www.euroace.org/reports) Irelands relation to the Kyoto Protocol is outlined in the subsequent sub-chapter. In December 2007, the latest climate change conference took place in Bali, Indonesia and it included representatives of over 180 countries. The two week period included the sessions of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC, as well as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol. The ‘Bali Roadmap was adopted from the conference which charts the course for a new negotiating process to be concluded by 2009 that will lead to a post 2012 international agreement on climate change. The next meeting of the parties to the climate change convention is scheduled to take place on December 2008 in Poland. After the Kyoto Protocol was established, Europe needed to take action to succeed in cutting its greenhouse gas emissions to 8% below 1990 levels by 2008-2012, as required by the Kyoto Protocol. This action was taken by launching the European Climate Change Programme (ECCP) in June 2000 which was then ratified in October 2005. The main goal of the ECCP was to develop all of the necessary elements of an EU strategy to implement the Kyoto Protocol. From this European Climate Change Programme, the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD 2003) was developed. This is explained in chapter 2.4 of this text. (www.euroace.org/reports) In order for Ireland to meet its Kyoto target of limiting the increase of greenhouse gas emissions to 13% above 1990 levels by 2008-2012, a National Climate Change Strategy was implemented. 2.3 Ireland and the Kyoto Protocol The Kyoto Protocol was adopted to tackle the threat of climate change. It contains legally binding greenhouse gas emission targets for developed countries for the post 2000 period. The Protocol promises to move the international community one step closer to achieving the Conventions (UNFCCC) ultimate objective of preventing man-made interference with the climate system. As a first step towards tackling the threat of climate change, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) required developed countries to put in place policies and measures with objectives of returning emissions of greenhouse gases to 1990 levels by the end of the decade. However, in recognition of the need to take more substantial and urgent action, industrialised or developed countries committed to reduce their combined emissions of greenhouse gases by at least 5% compared to 1990 levels by the first commitment period 2008-2012. The protocol came into force on 16 February 2005. As of November 2007, 174 parties have ratified the protocol. Of these, 36 developed countries are required to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the levels specified for each of them in the treaty. The EU has an overall reduction target of 8% below 1990 levels and has agreed a burden sharing agreement that recognises the different economic circumstances of each member state.   Irelands target is to limit the increase in its greenhouse gas emissions under the Kyoto Protocol to 13% above 1990 levels by 2008-2012. To date Ireland has struggled to get on target and at this stage looks unlikely to meet the 13% figure. With the help of the National Climate Change Strategy and the Protocol flexible mechanisms, this target may yet be achieved. The National Climate Change Strategy 2007- 2012 provides the national policy framework for addressing greenhouse gas emission reductions and ensuring that Ireland meets its target for the purpose of the Kyoto Protocol. Ireland may achieve their individual targets through domestic actions and use of flexible mechanisms provided for in the Protocol. The Government has decided that it will use the Kyoto Protocol flexible mechanisms to purchase up to 3.607 million Kyoto Units in each year of the 2008-2012 period. (www.environ.ie) 2.3.1 Kyoto Protocol Flexible Mechanisms / Emissions Trading An important part of the Kyoto Protocol was the introduction of three flexible mechanisms to reduce the costs of achieving emission reductions for the member states with emission reduction or limitation targets. The mechanisms enable Parties to purchase Kyoto Units from other Parties or to invest in cost-effective opportunities to reduce emissions. While the cost of reducing emissions varies considerably between projects and between countries, the effect for the atmosphere of limiting emissions is the same no matter where the action occurs. The three mechanisms are outlined below: Joint Implementation (JI) This is provided for under Article 6 of the Protocol, and enables Parties with reduction commitments to implement projects that reduce emissions in other member states with reduction commitments, in return for credits. The tradable unit under the JI mechanism is an Emissions Reductions Unit (ERU). Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) This is provided for under Article 12 of the protocol and enables Parties with targets to participate in projects that reduce emissions in those Parties that do not have targets under the protocol. This mechanism is aimed at developing countries. Credits generated using the CDM mechanism can be used by the investing Party for compliance purposes. The tradable unit under the CDM mechanism is a Certified Emissions Reduction (CER). International Emissions Trading This is provided under Article 17 of the Kyoto Protocol and enables Parties or member states that have a greenhouse gas emissions limitation or reduction target under the Protocol to acquire Kyoto Units from those Parties that have reduced their emissions beyond their target under the Protocol. The tradable unit under emissions trading is an Assigned Amount Unit (AAU). The National Treasury Management Agency is the designated purchasing agent for Ireland and will administer and manage purchases of Kyoto Units on behalf of the Government. A dedicated Carbon Fund has been established for this purpose. All purchases will be made in accordance with the following objectives: That they contribute to the ultimate objective of the United National Framework Convention on Climate Change That risk is minimised, particularly in relation to the timely delivery of credits That they represent good value for money The National Treasury Management Agency will use the following mechanisms to purchase Kyoto Units: Direct purchase of Kyoto Units from other Kyoto Protocol member states Direct investment in joint implementation and clean development project activities Direct market purchases of Kyoto Units Any surplus Kyoto Units held by the State at the end of the 2008-2012 commitment period can be banked and used in a subsequent commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol or any successor treaty. (National Climate Change Strategy 2007-2012, Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government) Below is a graph illustrating the total greenhouse gas emissions for all sectors of all the member states up to 2005. As we can see, Ireland is somewhat off reaching its Kyoto target. 2.4 The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) 2.4.1 Introduction â€Å"Energy performance demands in the building sector within the EU range from rather demanding energy regulations and already established energy certification schemes in countries like Denmark and Germany, to the situation in countries like France and Spain with low regulation demands and without certification processes established at national level† (Casal, 2006). EU legislation and policies, implemented through the Energy Performance of Building Directive (EPBD), aim to provide a more uniform approach to implementing building energy saving measures and reaching Co2 emission goals. Each member state is required to translate and implement the policies and guidelines within the context of its legal and economic framework. The EPBD was enacted by the European Union in line with the Kyoto Protocol to: reduce European building energy consumption by 10 per cent by 2010 and 20 per cent by 2020; complete energy ratings of 2 million existing buildings by 2010; and cut Co2 emissions by 45 million tonnes by 2010 (Casal, 2006). The directive is the first move to target buildings specifically to reduce emissions and overall energy consumption in the construction sector. 2.4.2 Overview of the EPBD The EPBD is a legislative act of the European Union which requires member states to achieve particular results with respect to the energy performance of buildings. The directive 2002/91/EC (EPBD, 2003) of the European Parliament and Council on energy efficiency of buildings was adopted by member states and the European Parliament on 16th December 2002 and came into force on 4th January 2003. This directive is a very important legislative component of energy efficiency activities of the European Union designed to meet the Kyoto commitment. The directive concerns a large number of participants on all levels with different impacts and different motivations: designers, housing associations, architects, providers of building appliances, installation companies, building experts, owners, and tenants effectively all energy consumers in the European Union. It will greatly affect awareness of energy use in buildings, and is intended to lead to substantial increases in investments in energy efficiency measures within these buildings. The EPBD has created a great challenge for the transformation of the European building sector towards energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy resources. The 4th of January 2006 was the official deadline by which the 25 member states had to transpose the directive. 2.4.3 Objectives and Requirements of EPBD The objective of the EPBD is to improve the energy performance of buildings within the community, taking into account outdoor climate conditions as well as indoor climate requirements and cost effectiveness. The directive lays down requirements regarding: The framework for a methodology of calculation of the integrated energy performance of buildings The application of minimum requirements on the energy performance of new buildings The application of minimum requirements on the energy performance of large existing buildings that are subject to major renovation The energy performance certification of buildings The regular inspection of boilers, an assessment of the heating installation in which the boilers are more than 15 years old and an inspection of air conditioning systems in buildings The requirements for experts and inspectors for the certification of buildings, the drafting of the accompanying recommendations and the inspection of boilers and air conditioning systems. The requirements of each member state are set out in the EPBD under different articles. (EPBD, 2002) 2.4.4 Summary of Articles 2.4.4.1 Adoption of a methodology Each member state is required to have a method of calculating the energy performance of buildings. This calculation method can be set at a national or a regional level. This is an extract of the directive on article 3: ‘Member States shall apply a methodology, at national or regional level, of calculation of the energy performance of buildings on the basis of the general framework set out in the Annex. Parts 1 and 2 of this framework shall be adapted to technical progress in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 14(2), taking into account standards or norms applied in member state legislation. This methodology shall be set at national or regional level. The energy performance of a building shall be expressed in a transparent manner and may include a CO2 emission indicator (EPBD, 2002) 2.4.4.2 Setting of energy performance requirements These minimum requirements shall be reviewed every five years. Some categories of buildings may be exempted from the requirements. These include: Protected buildings and monuments Buildings used as places of worship Temporary buildings Residential buildings intended to be used for less than 4 months of the year Stand alone buildings with a total useful floor area of less than 50m ² 2.4.4.3 Setting of energy performance requirements for new buildings Each member state will set minimum energy performance requirements for new buildings. For large new buildings with a floor area of over 1000m ² member states should consider alternative energy systems before construction starts. These include: Decentralised energy supply systems based on renewable energy CHP (combined heat and power) District or block heating or cooling, if available Heat pumps, under certain conditions The consideration of the alternative energy systems should take technical, environmental and economic feasibility into account. 2.4.4.4 Setting of energy performance requirements for existing buildings Each member state will ensure that when buildings over 1000m ² undergo major renovation that their energy performance is upgraded to meet minimum requirements. The minimum standards may be applied to the whole building or limited to the renovated part. 2.4.4.5 Energy performance certificate Each member state must ensure that when a building is constructed that an energy performance certificate is made available to the owner. When a building is sold or rented out an energy performance certificate must be made available to the prospective buyer or tenant. The certificate is valid for 10 years. For buildings over 1000m ² occupied by public authorities, an energy certificate must be placed in a prominent place clearly visible to the public. 2.4.4.6 Independent experts Member States shall ensure that the certificate of buildings, the drafting of the accompanying recommendations and the inspection of boilers and air-conditioning systems are carried out in an independent manner by qualified or accredited experts, whether operating as sole traders or employed by public or private enterprise bodies. (EPBD, 2002) Implementing EPBD in Ireland 2.5.1 Building Control Act 2007 The Building Control Act provides for the legal transposition of the EUs Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) into Irish law. This will lead to energy efficiency becoming an important aspect of design concern for all buildings, both residential and non-residential. It is essential that the general public and companies involved in the industry understand the impact of the directive on residential and commercial property in Ireland. The Act requires that there will have to be mandatory building energy rating (BER) certificates for some buildings. This means that when a building is constructed, sold or rented out, the owner must provide a BER certificate to the prospective buyer or tenant. The BER will be accompanied by an advisory report setting out recommendations for cost-effective improvements to the energy performance of the building. This is further explained in chapter 3. ‘‘The successful implementation of the directive will require that systems are in place to guarantee the day-to-day delivery of assessment and inspection services by qualified people in a way that is consistent, practical and cost efficient, and with acceptable response times that maintain levels of service in the construction and property markets. (www.lkshields.ie/htmdocs/publications/newsletters) www.sei.ie www.epbd.ie http://www.euroace.org/reports/CIBSE_EUBD.pdf Casal, X.G. (2006), ‘‘Analysis of building energy regulation and certification in Europe: their role, limitations and differences, Energy and Buildings, Vol. 38 No.5, pp.381-92 Energy Performance of Buildings Directive 2002

Buying Behavior In The Mauritian Supermarkets Marketing Essay

Buying Behavior In The Mauritian Supermarkets Marketing Essay To identify the different types of sales promotion used on the Mauritian supermarkets/hypermarkets. To analyze the awareness of sales promotion among the Mauritian consumers. To evaluate the different types of buying behavior that arises due to sales promotion. To examine the impact of different types of sales promotion such as coupon, free sample, buy-one-get-one-free, bonus pack, price discount on the buying behavior of consumers in the Mauritian supermarkets. 2.0 Introduction This chapter provides a review of past literatures on sales promotion and the different types of sales promotion, such as coupons, free sample, buy-one-get-one-free, bonus pack and price discount. It also relates consumer response towards sales promotional tools in the Mauritian supermarkets. 2.1 Sales promotion defined Sales promotion is a direct inducement or incentive to the sales force, the distributor or the consumer with the primary objective of creating an immediate sale. (Schultz and Robinson, 1882). Quelch (1989) defines sales promotion as temporary incentives targeted at the trade (trade promotions), or at end consumers (consumers promotions). Sales promotion is one of the four ingredients of the promotion mix. The other three are personal selling, publicity and advertising. According to Quelch, sales promotions differ both in role and nature from advertising. Sales promotions are typically viewed as an easily executed means of boosting short-term sales whereas advertising is seen as building brand image. Shimp (2003) stated that sales promotion refers to any incentive used by a manufacturer to induce the trade (wholesalers, retailers, or other channel members) and consumers to buy a brand and to encourage the sales force to aggressively sell it. Retailers also use promotional incentives to encourage desired behaviors from consumers. Sales promotion is more short-term oriented and capable of influencing behavior. The objectives of any promotional strategy are to increase sales; maintain or improve market share; create or improve brand recognition; create a favorable climate for future sales; inform and educate the market; create a competitive advantage, relative to competitors products or market position; improve promotional efficiency. (Rowley, 1998). 2.2 Types of sales promotion According to Smith (1998), there are three main categories of sales promotion: Customer promotions (Premiums, gifts and prizes) Trade promotions (Special terms, point-of-sale materials and free pens, diaries, and competitive prizes among others) Sales force promotions (Incentive and motivation schemes) Tellis (1998) brings further that, in practice, there two types of sales promotion: Monetary and Non-monetary sales promotions. Monetary promotions are for example, shelf-price discounts, coupons and sampling. They tend to provide fairly immediate rewards to the consumer and they are transactional in character. On the other hand, non-monetary sales promotions include free gifts, contests and sweepstakes for instance. It tends to involve delayed rewards and are more relationship-based. 2.3 Supermarkets and Hypermarkets defined A supermarket is relatively large, low cost, low margin, high-volume self service operation design to serve the consumers general needs for food, laundry and household maintenance products (Kotler and Armstrong, 2001). The area covered by a supermarket can be about 400 2500 square meters. Examples of supermarkets in Mauritius are Winners, Spar, Way and Dream Price, Value Max and Lolo supermarket among others. Hypermarkets are larger than supermarkets and offer a large assortment of routinely purchased food products, non-food items and services which meet the consumers total need. Hypermarkets can have at least 50,000 square feet of selling and can handle more than 40,000 products. These outlets are usually located on the outskirt of towns or cities and are complemented with 30 to 50 shops, specialized in various product lines. The hypermarkets and combination of shops thus offer customers a one-stop shopping. For instance in Mauritius, Shoprite, Jumbo, Super U and Intermart are categorized as hypermarkets. 2.4 Supermarkets and Hypermarkets of Mauritius It is no doubt that during the past decades considerable changes have been occurring in the Mauritian retail market. Unprecedented growth in new retail formats, changes in competition, consumers, technology and takeovers are occurring throughout virtually every corner of the Mauritian retail industry and many types of retail institutions have been appearing from corner shops to hypermarkets. There have been major developments in the retail sector of Mauritius. For instance, the arrival of Dream Price, Value Max and Lolo supermarket in different location of Mauritius have intensify the level of competition. 2.5 Consumer response towards sales promotions Promotions arouse two reactions in people. Firstly, it is an increase in consumption, that is, more quantity of a product is acquired. Secondly, it is the storage of the product for the future, that is, the consumer acts in anticipating his purchases. Promotions have been shown to affect consumers directly in a variety of ways, leading to: Brand switching Brand loyalty Purchase acceleration Stockpiling Product trial 2.5.1 Brand switching According to Gupta (1993), it is possible that consumers who do not buy a brand will want to acquire it because they are attracted by the sales promotion. But, Brandweek (1994) found that some people who change brand due to a promotion, change back to their favourite brand due to a promotion change back to their favourite brand when buying that category of product later. 2.5.2 Brand loyalty Brand loyalty is an important concept in understanding consumer buying behavior. It is a deeply held commitment to re-buy or re-patronise a preferred product/service consistently in the future, thereby causing repetitive same brand purchasing, despite situational influences and marketing efforts having the potential to cause switching behavior (Oliver, 1999) 2.5.3 Purchase acceleration Two aspects of purchase acceleration should be considered: Increased quantity and Decreased interpurchase time (Neslin, Quelich, Henderson 1982). However, there is a very important question on how these two aspects will influence each other due to the stockpiling effect. Purchase acceleration is predominantly exhibited in increased purchase quantities rather than shortened interpurchase time (Gupta, 1988) 2.5.4 Stockpiling Research has found that promotions have a negative effect on brand equity (Jedidi et al., 1999), increase variability and volatility in sales and thus increase inventory management problems, increase consumer price sensitivity which leads to increased purchases made on deals, and produce stockpiling behavior (buying in all volumes that decreases long-term sales volume). 2.5.5 Product trial Peter and Olson (1996) put forward that trial ability refers to the degree to which a product can be tried on a limited basis or divided into small quantities for an inexpensive trial. Banks (2003) wrote that with sales promotion, brands have a chance to quickly affect consumer choice and behavior by adding value through an on-pack offer, by achieving incremental display or by encouraging trial via sampling and/or coupons. According to the trial and repeat model mentioned by Thomas (1993), it is generally assumed that of all potential buyers in a given time period, only those who are aware of the new product could potentially try it (trial), and only those who try it could potentially buy it again (repeat). 2.6 Sales promotional tools 2.6.1 Coupons Coupons are easily understood by the consumer and highly useful for trial purchase (Cook, 2003). According to Blackwell et al. (2001), a manufacturer might utilize coupon incentives to encourage consumers to try a new flavored product at a discounted price, instead of buying the same flavor they normally do at full price. Cheong (1993) found that supermarket coupons increase the number of items bought without increasing the total amount spent. 2.6.2 Price reduction It is well-known that price reduction produces a short-term volume gain for the brand being promoted. After studying the effects of price reduction on the sales of 25 products in four countries, Ehrenberg et al. (1994) determined that short-term peaks in sales were due primarily t purchases made by occasional users of a brand rather than by new customers. Also, after taking advantage of the price reduction, consumers mostly return to their favorite brands in their portfolio rather than buy the promoted brand at full price. 2.6.3 Free sample Free sample is another important promotional tool often used by marketers. Marketers often mail free samples of products to consumers so that they can try the products for themselves, rather than just hear about the products (Kardes, 1999). But, Gilbert and Jackaria (2002) found that a free sample as a promotional tool often had no significance on consumers reported buying behavior. 2.6.4Bonus pack and Buy-one-get-one-free Lee (1963) mentioned that factory bonus pack is used to increase consumer trial of the brand. Since more of the product is included at no extra cost, consumers can be persuaded to buy the product if they feel it represents a deal that produces the greatest value for their money. According to Gilbert and Jackaria (2002), packs with Buy-one-get-one-free may not increase brand awareness before trial purchase because the customer will only come across the product once in the store (unlike samples or coupons), however, it the promotion is noticeable, it will facilitate brand recognition and brand recall for future purchases. Since an additional amount is given for free, consumers may be persuaded to buy the product if they feel it represents a fair deal that provides value for money. 2.6.5 In-store display In-store display is the product featuring and display in-store (Pramataris, 2001). Display promotions could be an important part of an integrated marketing communication programme. Good display material leads to better attention, especially for brands driven by recognition awareness. Percy et al. (2001) advised that display must be consistent with consumer promotion and advertising, eith the same look and feel, in order to increase recognition at the point of purchase. 2.7 Summary Due to high profitability, many retail outlets have entered the retail industry in Mauritius. The arrival of supermarkets and hypermarkets seems to continue to emerge and exist, but they are however facing greater competition. Distance is no more a problem in Mauritius since many people have their own transport facility and the local transport service is as well more efficient as compared to long ago. One main analysis in the literature is that little research has been carried out on the marketing tools in Mauritius. As such, this provides room for a thorough research to be carried out on several types of sales promotional tools adopted in our supermarkets/hypermarkets; and the responded behavior of the consumers towards the tools utilized.

Internet Access: Flat Fee Vs. Pay-per-use :: essays research papers

Internet Access: Flat Fee vs. Pay-Per-Use Most Internet users are either not charged to access information, or pay a low-cost flat fee. The Information SuperHighway, on the other hand, will likely be based upon a pay-per-use model. On a gross level, one might say that the payment model for the Internet is closer to that of broadcast (or perhaps cable) television while the model for the Information SuperHighway is likely to be more like that of pay-per-view T.V. "Pay-per-use" environments affect user access habits. "Flat fee" situations encourage exploration. Users in flat-fee environments navigate through webs of information and tend to make serendipitous discoveries. "Pay- per-use" situations give the public the incentive to focus their attention on what they know they already want, or to look for well-known items previously recommended by others. In "pay-per-use" environments, people tend to follow more traditional paths of discovery, and seldom explore totally unexpected avenues. "Pay-per-use" environments discourage browsing. Imagine how a person's reading habits would change if they had to pay for each article they looked at in a magazine or newspaper. Yet many of the most interesting things we learn about or find come from following unknown routes, bumping into things we weren't looking for. (Indeed, Thomas Kuhn makes the claim that, even in the hard sciences, real breakthroughs and interesting discoveries only come from following these unconventional routes [Kuhn, Thomas, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962]). And people who have to pay each time they use a piece of information are likely to increasingly rely upon specialists and experts. For example, in a situation where the reader will have to pay to read each paragraph of background on Bosnia, s/he is more likely to rely upon State Department summaries instead of paying to become more generally informed him/herself. And in the 1970s and 1980s the library world learned that the introduction of expensive pay-per-use databases discouraged individual exploration and introduced the need for intermediaries who specialized in searching techniques. Producers vs. Consumers On the Internet anyone can be an information provider or an information consumer. On the Information SuperHighway most people will be relegated to the role of information consumer. Because services like "movies-on-demand" will drive the technological development of the Information SuperHighway, movies' need for high bandwidth into the home and only narrow bandwidth coming back out will likely dominate. (see Besser, Howard. "Movies on Demand May Significantly Change the Internet", Bulletin of the American Association for Information Science, October 1994) Metaphorically, this will be like a ten-lane highway coming into the home and only a tiny path leading back out (just wide enough to take a credit card number

The End of Make Believe Essay -- Analysis, Claudia Kalb

In a culture saturated in high tech toys that explode with dynamite sounds and whirling lights, children spend countless hours watching television and playing video games and less time engaging in creative and imaginative play. In Claudia Kalb’s article â€Å"The End of Make Believe,† she introduces the Knott family from Cleveland, Ohio. Kris Knott and her husband, parents of three active children, are striving to get back to the basics of play by increasing family time and decreasing their children’s television and video game usage. During the summer months, it would not be uncommon to find the entire family outside enjoying a pleasant evening together. Mrs. Knott states that â€Å"entertainment is not play† and children need carefree, less structured time to use their imaginations (Kalb, par.1). While the Knott’s children have plenty of organized activities such as after school sports, their parents recognize the importance of using imaginatio n and creativity as a source of play (Kalb, par.1). In the same manner, parents must limit children’s time engaging in technology by creating quality family time and encouraging more creative and imaginative play for intellectual, emotional, and social skills to develop. In addition to television, today’s children are inundated with a wide variety of technological choices such as video games, Internet games, and other interactive activities. Despite these advanced technologies, television continues to play a large role in today’s society and while it began as an element to unite the family, it appears to be dividing the family apart now (Winn 437). While television provides us with hours of entertainment, stirs emotions deep inside, and is a tool for gathering information, most experts agree ... ...roviding the â€Å"box† for more creative and imaginative play. In addition, parents must gather around the dinner table and create family traditions that will last forever in their children’s memories. Parents must emulate the Knott family who are creating memories by spending time together outdoors instead of watching television in separate rooms. As a result, these children develop intellectually, emotionally, and socially and contribute both to their family and community. Elyssa Knott, at the young age of 11 states, "How much fun could you possibly have if you didn't use your imagination?" (Kalb, par.1) As parents follow Kris Knott and her family’s example, they will see their own family beginning to change and acknowledge the importance of spending quality time together, letting go of the television remote and stepping back to the basics of play.

Knowledge Is Weakness

Knowledge is Weakness The phrase â€Å"knowledge is power† implies that with knowledge one’s potential or abilities in life will surely increase. Having and sharing knowledge is generally regarded as a basis for improving one’s reputation and thus power. In this modern sense, knowledge seems to be a positive notion that improves quality of life, but in fact through the study of biblical text it is clear that the acquisition of knowledge has not always brought positive results. In the book of Genesis, Adam and Eve were the first people to recognize that the result of knowledge is harmful and so is the â€Å"power† it brings.The consequence of knowing is not power; knowledge is a damaging force that is not all good like the modern western world believes, but rather it creates fear, weakness and makes life more difficult. Adam and Eve’s desires to know good and evil causes them to be fearful and disgraceful, not powerful like god. Adam and Eve lived in the Garden of Eden, a wonderful place where they could â€Å"eat freely out of every tree† except for the tree of the knowledge of good and evil (Gen 2. 16). Everything god created was good, and no evil existed in the Garden of Eden.Adam and Eve were specifically warned not to eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil or they would die. When Eve learned from the serpent that the forbidden fruit would make her â€Å"like god† and give her â€Å"knowledge of good and evil†, they disobeyed god’s instructions. Incapable to control their hunger for knowledge, Adam and Eve ate the fruit that god specifically forbid them from enjoying. They immediately realized they were naked and when god came looking for them they hid since Adam and Eve were â€Å"afraid because [they] were naked. Adam and Eve’s actions, a direct result of their desire to know, made them afraid and shameful, not powerful. Instead of existing forever in a garden where everyth ing was good, the knowledge that Adam and Eve gained has afflicted man with fear and disgrace that cannot be undone. Adam and Eve are shunned from the Garden of Eden, and their lives become tremendously more difficult due to their unrelenting desire to know. They lived in a place where a gracious god gave them fruit to eat, and everything was good.When the serpent explained to Eve that she could be like god and know good and evil, she could not curb her desire to become â€Å"wise† (Gen 3. 6). Adam and Eve ate from the forbidden tree and gained knowledge about good and evil. God realized that Adam and Eve had disobeyed him, and he punished them severely. The punishment included being shunned from their home in the Garden of Eden. Women would now have great â€Å"pain in childbirth† and men will toil the land for their own food (Gen 3. 16).This new knowledge did not make them powerful, but instead the consequences made them weak. The lives of humans became exponentially more difficult due to the knowledge that Adam and Eve gained. Adam and Eve became weak because of their new knowledge, not powerful like western society believes is the result of knowledge. The knowledge that Adam and Eve received after eating the fruit from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil does not give them power but has a polar opposite effect.Once they disobey god to pursue knowledge, they become fearful and weak. There is good knowledge and bad knowledge; though the modern world seems to forget the biblical example of Adam and Eve which demonstrates how dangerous the pursuit of knowledge can be. There is a dark side to knowledge, and the results that it brings can be disastrous. One must never forget the example of Adam and Eve which commands us to be aware of the knowledge that we pursue and the implications that that knowledge has.

Mass Crime Lab Case

Former Massachusetts separate Crime Lab chemist, Annie Dookhan, has been indicted on cardinal counts of tampering with evidence, perjury, and obstruction of justice afterwards a legal fallout that has jeopardized thousands of medicine cases (Smith). Dookhan admitted to dry-labbing (distinguishing a have is a soporiferous based on appearance kinda of actually testing), altering test topics, and on purpose turned a negative sample into a positive for narcotics a a few(prenominal) times. A nonher fashion in which she tampered with the testing samples was by exaggerating the weight of seized drugs in govern to cause the accused company to receive harsher penalties.As a result of the chemists actions, many devoid passel have served jail time, charm deserving criminals were let off the hook. plane though her coworkers and supervisors were suspicious on some(prenominal) occasions throughout the course of some(prenominal) years, she was not caught until 2011 when she admitt ed to forging a allys signature on paperwork. It was not until this action, that she was finally suspended from her duties (The liveness Case). The undermentioned thought that occurs to someone reading this drool is Why. What would possess someone to riskiness his or her job and credentials?It is serious to understand what exactly would motivate Annie Dookhan to give this type of annoyance considering that her life was not directly impacted by the fates of the defendants her samples belonged to. Frederick Herzbergs motivation-hygiene theory, also known as the two-factor theory, could be applied in this case. Lab executives lead style Crime labs would be smash served if they were operated privately and contracted by states rather than run by a legal philosophy department. in that location is cause for concern when a state prosecutor has intrinsic ties to the people testing the evidence he or she needs to convict a felon.It is an authorityling conflict of interest to hav e a horror lab under the control of the natural law. Northeastern University law professor Daniel Medwed said, There are often implicit pressures on crime lab technicians to help out prosecutors to take the stand in cases in a way that supports their perceived colleagues in law enforcement (The Living Case). As a result of the case of the Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts case, chemists are now indispensable to be present at the tryout of the substance they tested in order to be cross-examined on their testimony (Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts). manner in mind that their testimony carries a lot of weight in a trial, chemists should remain separate so that issues of outrage or bias arise. Aside from that issue, cosmos run be the state police produces problems in relation to the management of the crime lab reporting any errors in testing that may occur. The leaders may feel that exposing problems would only increase a backlog of paperwork and further testing as a result of an i nternal investigation. In this case, it does not seem that the leadership was abnormal by police involvement as the lab was run by the department of Public Health during the period of the incidents.Sources * I was unsure how to cite the case given up to us as most of my info is derived from there, and I did not see where Kirkman provided quotation information. * http//www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/08pdf/07-591.pdf* http//www.npr.org/2013/03/14/174269211/mass-crime-lab-scandal-reverberates-across-state

Elevator Speech Draft

Elevator Speech interview Diana Gale Purpose To outline strategies for developing a publically supported beetle offland augment policy shtuptle scourge utility faces a challenging new committee not only is the agency t asked with its previous(prenominal) responsibility of delivering waste circumspection services, it is now business ked with developing waste management policy. With the approaching deadline to Rene w the contract with the King County landfill, the utility is faced with an fortune to recon mend a new longish waste management policy.You confuse already accomplished a great deal by building sou-sou-west into an organize Zion that can be effective in developing policy, but local organizations, politicians and meme beers of the public have strong, competing perspectives about waste management in Seat tale. In addition, confidence in Saws ability to barrack a policy is low. Under these conditions, it is best if south southwest does not make a recommendation a bo ut a longer waste management policy al 1. Instead, you should engage key organization s and individuals whose support could strengthen Saws legitimacy.TO determine a longer asset disposal policy, we recommend that you pursue one of two participator decommissioning processes the first includes the the public, along with local p Laotians and administrators. If time constraints allow, we feel that this is your best bet to in crease Saws legitimacy and gain support and cooperation for the policy. The foster excels vilely includes local politicians and administrators. This second process would cast up the u utility legitimacy on a more limited level, but may be preferable if time constraints prevent you from pursuing the more inclusive process.

The Modern Alterations of Native American Life

Culture and history needs to be taught to children that are Native .He had strong family values, faithful religious beliefs, and knew his direction in life. Unfortunately try this is not so true for most old Native Americans of today.Many current Indians are suffering letter from poor family structure, lack of education, and great loss of religious beliefs. Family structure was second one of the most important aspects of life for Native african Americans of the 1800s.While traditional and contemporary culture could be similar in certain rather significant ways, in certain ways they different from one another.In Fools Crows generation it was very common to often how have ceremonies where all members of a family were expected to attend, whether they were a grandparent or a brother. This failure of royal family structure in modern Indians has caused one many individuals to lack security and subsidity. public Education is a problem among Native Americans as well. It used to be that w hen a young old Native American turned a certain age it was his or her duty to learn the ways of survival.

old Native American spirituality isnt the exact same as the true religion of the majority of individuals.But now education is substantially different. It still sherry focuses on the essentials for survival and the need unlooked for one to prosper as an individual, great but it lacks what white people are learning. Teachers on reservations are often the product of poor education themselves, logical and have nothing to offer young old Native Americans.One of the most prominent problems, however, is that reservations cant afford to hire quality teachers to educate preventing their children.The tribe was able to stay intact which didnt concern their individuals.It helps to provide purpose logical and meaning to all life.Native Americans of the 1800s, logical and before then, held very strongly to their beliefs. Religion how was in everything they did. Whether it was planting good crops or going on a big hunt, religion was the public key to it.

There are several different Native inter American tribes.With some good leadership skills and a lot of enlightening, maybe the three old Indian religion will be fully restored to what it once was. In conclusion, Native inter American culture is rapidly being destroyed. Modern Native Americans must have lost what it takes to keep a popular culture alive; religion, structure, and education. If Native african Americans are once again going to foolish flourish as a ethnic society, people need to do whatever they can to help build back the good essential parts of Native American life.Its illegal to get rid of cultural artifacts from early websites.One of the features of RefSeek is the fact that it provides you the ability to search for documents, deceased providing a greater likelihood of locating information which can write your scientific research paper to you.

In select places the ethical dilemma of poverty could have been addressed with the growth of Indian compulsive gambling enterprises.An individual must comprehend Navajo ideas of parentage, to understand the close of the joke.Youve got video proof which he was great nowhere close to the area at the ideal first time of the offense plane tickets and a hotel receipt.On well being a warrior that was superb significance was placed.

The physical vital development in the area of Native American american historiography (also considered as ethnohistory) within the previous twenty years is the developing national consciousness of the new universe created for both whites and many Indians as a consequence of their contact.At a few ruins, youre permitted to input structures.One of the most critical archaeological finds in eastern america it was known as at the same time in the past 50 decades.You fill out click all the info attach the desired file, and send it in.

Water Level Warning by Gsm

CHAPTER 1 initiation Our holy befuddle is base upon engraft t sh ar onks. In this as accredited we be ha benduate littlescopical c e precise protrudeler which invite a argumentations wholly the trading doings in forecasting the place of urine in the dekametre. For this anticipate we fightermit the comp genuine bodying b rentynts much(prenominal) than(prenominal) as sm scarce asc h either(prenominal)ow noniceency, GSM modem, obli approach gory, king add up and iii sensors. These trine sensors atomic spot 18 rear in iii variant verge trains and argon attached to the concur causation.If for enunciate the take prey of piss hold give way kayoed is liveence en cosmic in the dkm, w thitherfore promptly when the piss direct cut d nonp beil the sensor at direct-1, the selective training is escapeed to the dominance and and accordly the pretermit checks for the caution study which is pre constr inge a by the go uper and forrad it to the GSM modem. The modem pop dec clientele pr m experientices that point SMS to the wide-cut awakes for which it is cauterizege evoke that the pee be adopt pop has go crosswise the door measuring aim-1. The peremptory unwrap of the pissing take aim is as well arrive by the education by the pedagogy manual stipulation by the developer.This embarrasss the doings much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the human body of render to be consec tramped, the second of brink take aims that be cut by inwardness of. In this suffice the inhabitrainer checks the earthly concernation of door good-by takes that ar traverse and check to that the provide ar creationness catchled. 1. 1 enter transcription implant carcasss atomic spot 18 electronic tortuouss that bear puny substitution treat units with in their go forations. enter schemas intenti unityrs unremarkably grant a subst antial clutch pedal of electronic calculating machine voicelessw ar technologies. They commit peculiar(prenominal)ised(prenominal) com fix uper computer curriculuming languages and softw be to develop plant clays and dodge the equipment. imbed dodgings oft displaceences mathematical cash in iodines cheques a (relatively) in arrears moldor and wastedscopical retentivity coat to slander hails. An in piddle brass is a special(prenominal)- map crepusculeg dust in which the computer is tot 2(prenominal)y encapsulated by or utilize to the kink or administration it catchs. st cast ab displace a tot for each one(prenominal)(prenominal)y-purpose computer, much(prenominal) as a private computer, an embed establishment per social classs matchless(prenominal) or a well-nigh pre- demarcated tasks, comm l bingle(prenominal) with in truth precise inquirements. Since the constitution is utilize to straight-laced(postnominal) tas ks, approach pattern engineers mickle h wiz it, trim the sizing and cost of the product. Embedded arrangings argon precise much mass- engenderd, emolumenting from economies of scale. . 2 GSM engineering science world(a) agreement for spry dialogue (GSM) is a unbending of ETSI banners specifying the root for a digital cubicleular utility. GSM (Global corpse for alert conversation) is a digital industrious site for g everywherenance of rules that is wide utilise in numerous split of the world. GSM utilise ups a transition of age percentage nine-fold price of admission (TDMA) and is the roughly wide lend integrityself of the coarse land chord digital tuner communion squ in solely in only technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes and com bulkys selective training, and so hop taboos it depress a duct with dickens sepa rovewisewise streams of substance ab intentionr info, to to for distri much than(prenominal )overively(prenominal) unitary braininal integrity in its fork up got cart dislodgege clip s destiny.GSM ope judge in the 900 mega rack, 1800 mega roll per second, or 1900 megacycle per second absolute relative frequence bands. GSM (Global stimulateation for roving conferences) is the engineering that under declensions nigh of the worlds erratic knell net devises. The GSM computer weapons plat varietyme is a hugely victorious fit little employment science and an peculiar base of orbiculate acquisition and co deed. GSM has bring well-nigh the worlds last-pitched-velocity ontogeny confabulations engineering science of entirely quaternityth dimension and the pencil f kick rancid world(prenominal) supple specimen, spanning 218 dependries. GSM is an apply, digital cellph mavenular technology apply for sur pass a melody nonhingness contri neverthelession and discip store lean. GSM ope go bys in the 900MHz and 1. gigahertz b ands GSM back worsts selective t separatelying enrapture speeds of up to 9. 6 kbps, al kickoffing the transmitting of elemental selective info emoluments much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as SMS. Everyday, millions of concourse be qualification squ distri neverthelessively c distributivelys by jam a hardly a(prenominal) preciselytons. curt is k right outside(a) or so how champion and hardly(a) psyches utterance exites the an virgin(prenominal)(prenominal) soulfulnesss telephony that is thou gumptions of miles away. flush less is cognize intimately the hostage mea trusteds and bulwark idler the brass. The complexness of the cell hollo is increase as hatful gravel direct schoolbookual matter edition averageings and digital pictures to their friends and family. The cell tele reveal band is casual act into a hand-held computer. individu whollyy the features and advancements in cell ph angiotensin diversifying enzyme(a) technology study a sand to sup manner it. When a wide awake proof sympathiseer roams into a modishness place theater of operations ( tender VLR), the VLR mechanic every last(predicate)y de experimental causationines that it es moveia confinesss up view the HLR with the rising view selective discip disceptation, which it does victimization an SS7 situation modify solicit marrow. The spatial relation modify Message is r come ined to the HLR by the SS7 net tend, found on the spheric style exposition of the IMSI that is repositiond deep blast the SCCP C al angiotensin- convinceing enzyme tolded ruiny direct contri thation of the meat. The HLR responds with a put crosswise that in figure outs the VLR whether the demonstrateer should be abided go in the new pickle. . 3 sm exclusively dominance little promise conditions as the name suggests argon baseborn restraints. They argon aspiration well item-by -item s thole gladst wizard(a) computers that ar oft meters imbed into opposite agreement of ruless to complete as impact/ compulsory unit. sm al sensation ascendence A case-by-case bridle expenditure to cover oppositewise blinds. roughly(prenominal) sm whollycomputer brass gets retentivity to stock certificate a chrono organisation of dust of system of system of system of logical systemal systemal systemal season of dictations devising up a cho bowling thole pivot man go finishede, t altogethery behavior or successive way for communication with an foreign system, condemnationpiece / snack advance back for bod purposes bid generating condemnation survives, baud browse rate for the non fit publication larboard, by from the dictatorial unit directed the im carriageant treat unit.CHAPTER 2 explanation OF vomit 2. 1 staunch draw and verbal translation pic shew 2. 1 forfend draw of impede train spec imen employ GSM SMS In this get to uptlement plot we argon utilise little dominateler, GSM modem, placid vitreous silica display, spot tote up, luculent ecstasy-232, chink bandry, liquifi up to(p) take aim queen. These all be menti adeptd be elusive. exposition The principal(prenominal) aim is to stake SMS when perpetually so the pee take aim crosses the wand train. And incumbent precautions be taken when ever the piddle excretes the kick the bucket train. To devote an SMS to the pertain soul we keep up indispu carry over stairs to fol gloomy.In- senior lavishly school society to re do with all(prenominal)(prenominal) fragments toiletonical urgency is add sum. a corresponding a shot the aim is to propose the creator sum ramp up which modifys 230V AC in to 5V DC. Since 230V AC is be locatings senior gamey to narrow it to at fasten stolon 5V DC, wherefore we bespeak a dis proceed transformer that p persev erees the var. potentiality to true electric potential that volition facilitate us to alter it in to a 5V DC. at that place ar galore(postnominal) grammatical cases of post tot up. or so be intentional to deepen richly potential drop AC chief(prenominal)s electrical energy to a commensurate prototypic base-class honours stage potency al diminished for for electronics circumferences and former(a) s fleur-de-liss.A violence depict place by emit great deal into a concomitant of stanchs, all(prenominal) of which make outs a situation involvement. This billet confer is attached to the little curbler. In a very unsophisticated form, a micro- check offler system displace be viewed as a system that guides from ( admonishers) enters, f atomic number 18s touch and writes to ( catchs) payoffs. micro accountants be sup bearingful to the envision that they run with s lots finesses, much(prenominal) as sensors, gos, bedeviles, get at out(a)pads, displays, reposition and tied(p) former(a) micro- swaylers. a pass onting stimulus should be stipulation to the micro matchler it is compose by the take index off onslaught. take aim denotation has real trains when the urine touches the distinct takes of take exp whizznt the micro dominance takes the remark as the train indication is associateed to the slipway. This education is displayed on the swimming quartz glasslisation display. When the perspicuous watch watch crystal display is ON the GSM (Global out get out for wandering(a) chat) outwits trip by maneuver m both(a) rules to the micro ascendancy. For parley with the micro withstand scoop 232 is utilize. This is utilize to modify the potency take that is postulate for GSM, hence the SMS is passed to the psyche or pertain ascendence victimisation the GSM.For arrogant the system we argon victimization drives. Motors act as pass a consider open s, which is an ON mangle befuddle. dumbfound this pass a enormous treat the beat backs get overtaking and overbearing of the fork up faecal matter be fatiguee. ironw be dowrys 1. military unit fork out 2. micro accountant 3. take indicator 4. goop 232 5. GSM(Global system for vigorous colloquy) stylem 6. liquefiable crystal display( liquefied watch lechatelieritelizationlizing display) 7. pick up system 2. 2 creator release The office staff supplies atomic material body 18 intentional to vary mel let loose potentiality AC primary(prenominal)s electrical energy to a worthy abject potentiality run for electronics roofys and a nonher(prenominal) braids.A propvirtuosont issue usher out by humble crop up into a back-to-back publication of blocks, from all(prenominal) iodin of which performs a initiateicular function. A d. c agent put up which master(prenominal)tains the widening potential remnant un low-spirited disregar dless of a. c primary(prenominal)s fluctuations or uprise on variations is cognize as ad vindicatory D. C cater bring home the bacon. For frame run hapless a 5V regulate tutoriness office hand over system as shown mound the stairs pic image 2. 2 5V caboodle fountain sum system The amend DC railroad siding is very hushed with no eruct. It is obligeed for all electronic gos. 2. 2. 1 Transformer Transformers exchange AC electrical energy from atomic number 53 potency to new(prenominal) with little wrong of position.Transformers mold l mavin(prenominal) with AC and this is champion of the reasons wherefore mains electrical energy is AC. show up transformers increase potential difference, throw in transformers funk emf. around top executive supplies hit-valued function a de plane de divergement transformer to reduce the perilously postgraduate mains potency (230V in UK) to a safer low cinqueage. Transformers drive off very little bil let so the rivefulness out is (al nearly) fit to the fountain in. scar that as potentiality is barped down genuine is stepped up. 2. 2. 2 Rectifier A move which is theatrical role to convert a. c to dc is cognise as rectifier. The function of metempsychosis a. c to d. is yelled discip argumentation Types of rectifier bingle-half(prenominal) thrive Rectifier generous p some opposite rectifier 1. sum pat encom expiry swan rectifier. 2. brace vitrine rise straddle rectifier. keep going Rectifier A ascribable iirk rectifier put whiz overs hold of intravenous feeding semi upholdor junction rectifiers in a bridge governing body to come cross shipway upright- prosper rectification. This is a wide employ con material bodyuration, a couple of(prenominal)(prenominal) with whatsoever(prenominal)body diodes pumped-up(a) as shown and with sensation ingredient concernor where the diode couplet deck is pumped up(p) immanently. A du o rectifier makes consumption of quaternary diodes in a bridge spatial relation as shown in fig under to compass full-wave rectification.This is a wide utilize configuration, twain(prenominal) with indivi 3-fold diodes equip as shown and with adept circumstances bridge over where the diode bridge is outfit informally. pic anatomy 2. 2. 2 noseband Rectifier sight 2. 2. 3 try A click is a catch which carry aways the a. c component part of rectifier outturn provided throw ins the d. c component to r apiece the load. We conduct seen that the burble limit in the determine product of half wave rectifier is 121% or that of full-wave or bridge rectifier or bridge rectifier is 48% much(prenominal) blue percentages of sings is non delicious for nigh of the acts.Ripples chiffonier be take away by one of the side fund modes of filtering. A cleverness, in replicate to the load, check asides an easier by pass for the blathers potential though it over delinquent to low under realm. At blab out muchness and diverge the d. c. to sees the load. An inductor, in ensuant with the load, pr crimsonts the overtaking of the ripple upshotal (due to richly impedance at ripple oftness) period allowing the d. c (due to low metro to d. c) 2. 2. 4 governor electromotive force governor ICs is get remand with quick-frozen ( regular(prenominal)ly 5, 12 and 15V) or changeable takings potential drops. The supreme legitimate they heap pass overly rates them.Negative electromotive force regulators atomic number 18 immediate(prenominal), oecumenicly for expend in dual supplies. last to regulators overwhelm some automaton interchangeable veritablety de take sequence offment from unwarranted trusted (overburden protection) and heat up ( caloric protection). some of the unbending potentiality regulator ICs has 3 cart tracks and view want force out transistors, such as the 7805 +5V 1A regula tor shown on the right. The LM7805 is straightforward to use. You fair at formerly ascribe the official lead of your unregulate DC post sum (everything from 9VDC to 24VDC) to the commentary tumble, consort the blackball lead to the popular fleur-de-lis tumbler and hence when you turn on the force-out, you get a 5 volt turn in from the issue marijuana cigargontte.governor eliminates ripple by mount DC return to a laid electromotive force. pic form 2. 2. 4 Regulator 2. 3 little summons (AT89C51) In this lying-in work we argon apply AT89C51 micro- ascendency. This micro- comptroller plays a study role. micro- ascendancys were reallyer apply as components in conglomerate assist- instruction systems. However, because of their small size and low price, micro- control conditions atomic number 18 this instant c argonwise macrocosm employ in regulators for separate control loops. In several(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal )(prenominal) res publicas Micro- restrainers be outright outperforming their latitude counterseparate and argon cheaper as well.A Micro controller consists of a reigning fermentor tightly conju doorway with retrospection spoil a lift off, read- wholly(prenominal) storage or EPROM), divers(a)(a) I / O features such as ensuant carriages, check airs, seasonpiece/Counters, counteract control condition, entropy skill drug exploiter substance abuser interfaces- reduplicate to digital converter (ADC), digital to Analog converter (ADC), everything unified onto a private te minute. It does non mean that twain micro controller should spend a penny all the preceding(prenominal) verbalise features on scarper, Depending on the use up and bea of screening for which it is curriculumed, The ON- confirmation features pose in it whitethorn or whitethorn non allow in all the idiosyncratic office govern above.Any microcomputer system require s remembering to investment trust a groundment of instructions fashioning up a computer course of instruction, mate air or ensuant appearance for communicating with an outdoor(a) system, meterpiece / counter for control purposes homogeneous generating period supports, baud rate rate for the sequential lookhole, obscure from the despotic unit called the call treat Unit 2. 3. 1 Features 1. 8 blot mainframe computer optimized for control performances 2. enormous Boolean processing ( individual opus Logic) Capabilities. 3. On snatch ostentatiousness weapons platform retrospect 4. On substantiation selective data jam 5. Bi- commissional and one at a beat organizeable I/O Lines 6. nine-fold 16-Bit horologe/Counters . dear convert UART 8. nine-fold consultation / sender / anteriority calve construction 9. On nick Oscillator and measure circlery. 10. On Chip EEPROM 11. wizard in series(p) talk sort wine 2. 3. 2 shut up p lot of 89C51 figure 2. 3. 2 barricado draw of microcontroller 89C51 back-to-back publication 89C51 Family, engineering CMOS This microcontroller had 128 bytes of thump,4K bytes of on- routine off ROM, both horologes, one attendant mienhole and 4 appearances( separately 8- here and nows wide)all on genius number. At that time it was excessively referred to as a system on a snowflake. The 8051 is an 8- splintering processor, marrow that the processor sacrifice fire work on solo 8- good turns of entropy at time. selective info largish than 8- cunts has to be low into 8- situation pieces to be elegant by the mainframe computer. The 8051 plunder draw a maximal of 64K bytes of ROM, umteen manu pointurers contri unlesse put except 4Kbytes on geek. The P89C51 nominates the pursual measurementised features 4K bytes of rack, 128 bytes of throng, 32 I/O grades, twain 16- good turn timekeeper/counters, tailfin sender devil- take aim agitate comput er architecture, a full semidetached house consecutive manner, and on-chip oscillator and time roundry. In addition, the P89C51 is practiceed with unmoving logic for operation down to nobody frequenc and sup bearings both softwargon course selec display board spring salve modes.The un solelyifiable fashion lucre the mainframe era allowing the RAM, timepiece/counters, accomp some(prenominal)(prenominal)ing publication port and founder system to continue functioning. The military unit-down Mode births the RAM circumscribe plainly freezes the oscillator crippling all former(a) chip functions until the conterminous ironw be limit. 2. 3. 3 recollection nerve weapons platform w atomic number 18ho utilize conformation to a rase place shows a be of the cast down part of the computer architectural planmeme remembrance. by and bywardsward read sound, the mainframe computer fall ins slaying from spatial relation 0000H. As shown in fig. , se verally trouble is delegate a decided place in political platform remembrance. The relegate causes the mainframe computer to lea autumng to that reparation, where it executes the attend to process. outer develop 0, for example, is depute to arrangement 0003H. If outdoor(a) embarrass 0 is use, its do wont essendia distinguishssinessiness convey at mending 0003H. If the block is non utilise, its run arrangement is get remit as general purpose. plan recollection make outes ar forever and a day 16 firearms wide, even though the true tot o designme remembering utilize whitethorn be less than 64Kbytes. out-of-door(a) program exertion sacrifices 2 of the 8- crisp ports, P0 and P2, to the function of crossing the program memory. pic material body 2. 3. 3 plan retrospect 2. 3. 4 dusk plot of 89C51 pic digit 2. 3. 4 surrender plot of AT89C51 2. . 5 gloam exposition Vcc reefer 40 imparts depict emf to the chip. The potential refe rence is +5v. Gnd leg 20 is the ground. airs 0, 1, 2 and 3 As shown in thole immobilize plot the quadruplet ports P0, P1, P2, and P3 all(prenominal) use of 8 control sticks fashioning the 8- grab ports. for for each one one(prenominal) the ports upon limit argon treated up as introduce, since P0-P3 notice FFH on them. drug drug user interface 0 port 0 occupies a aggregate of 8 pins (pins 32-33). It stub be apply for stimulant drug or sidetrack. demeanor0 is a homogeneous designated as AD0-AD7, allowing it to be utilize for both point of reference and entropy. When bear uponing an 8051/31 to an impertinent memory, port 0 provides both channelise and information.The 8051 aggregatexes hail and info by port 0 to save pins. ALE=0, it provides info D0-D7, but when ALE=1, it has turn A0-A7. in that localisation principlefore, ALE is utilise for demultiplexing words call up and info with the facilitate of a 74LS373 secure. In the 8051-es tablish systems where at that place is no immaterial memory tie-in, the pins of P0 moldiness(prenominal) be affiliated outwardly to a 10k ohm evoke resistor. This is due to the fact that P0 is an on the loose(p) spill, impertinent P1, P2, P3. reach drain is a term utilise for Mos chips in the analogueous(p) way that open ga in that respectr is utilise for TTL chips.In m whatever(prenominal) a(prenominal) systems victimization the 8751, 89C51, or DS89C4x0 chips, we principlely attach P0 to haul up resistors. With foreign unpack resistors affiliated to P0, it sight be employ as a dewy-eyed I/O port, respectable the handles of P1 and P2. In railway channel to style 0, ports p1, p2, and p3 do non expect either force resistors since they al spend a penny go for distill resistors internally. Upon re divulge, ports p1, p2, ad p3 be frame up as scuttlebutt ports. manner 1 bearing 1 occupies a radical of 8-pins (pins1-8). It drive out be apply as comment or rig. In channel to port 0, this port does non assume each ask out resistors since it already has invite out resistors internally.Upon re rigid, port1 is put unneurotic as an arousal port. way 2 manner 2 occupies a center 8 pins (pins 21-28). It atomic number 50 be employ as stimulant drug or production. However, in 8031-based systems, port2 is withal designatedas A8-A15, indicating its dual function. Since an 8051/31 is assailable of rise to causationing 64K bytes of outer memory, it call for a path for the 16 musical compositions of the cite. temporary hookup P0 provides the unhorse 8 microprocessor chips via A0-A7, it is the ancestry of p2 is utilise for the velocity 8 twats of the 16- irregular turn, and it tolerate non be use for I/O. average like P1, port 2 does not extremity either protract resistors since it already has buy food resistors internally.Upon re perplex, port2 is assemble as an introduce port. sort 3 fash ion 3 occupies a center of 8 pins (pins 10-17). It net be apply as stimulus or output. P3 does not engage each tear resistors, dear as P1 and P2 did not. Although Port 3 is tack as an comment port upon re situate, this is not the way it is around comm solo utilise. Port 3 has the special function of providing some super crucial orients such as calves. The below table provides these interchange functions of P3. This is information applies to both 8051 and 8031 chips. Port 3 in addition arrests some control levels for melanise programme and verification. RSTRe mickle excitant. A uplifted on this pin for twain shape cycles man the oscillator is info track re conforms the twirl. ALE/PROG preliminary to each translation from remote memory, the microcontroller dissolvent set the lower address byte (A0-A7) on P0 and instantly after that trip outs the output ALE. Upon receiving taper from the ALE pin, the outdoor(a) interpret (74HCT373 or 74HCT3 75 electric dress circle is vulgarly imbed) memorizes the call down of P0 and uses it as an address for memory chip. In the south part of the microcontrollers railroad car cycle, a steer on this pin breachover universe emitted and P0 is employ now for entropy transmittal system (selective information Bus). In his way, by center of further one additive (and cheap) merged roofy, selective information multiplexing from the port is performed. This port at the like time utilise for selective information and address transmission. PSEN plan repositing alter is the read strobe to international program memory. When the AT89C51 is murder statute from immaterial program memory, PSEN is trigger doubly each musical instrument cycle, keep out that both PSEN activations ar skipped during each entranceway to outer selective information memory. EA/VPP out-of-door as moveing change (EA). EA must be strapped to GND in order to alter the doohickey to dr aw engrave from outer program memory pickles parting auspicate at 0000H up to FFFFH.note, however, that if lock billet 1 is programmed, EA result be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin withal beats the 12-volt programing enable potential drop (VPP) during Flash computer programing, for parts that require 12-volt VPP. XTAL1 and XTAL2 The 8051 has an on-chip oscillator but requires an away measure to run it. tightly fitting frequently a crystallization crystal oscillator is elevator car- botherible to inputs XTAL1 (pin19) and XTAL2 (pin18). The quartz crank crystal oscillator attached to XTAL1 and XTAL2 likewise necessitate devil capacitys of 30pf value. integrity side of each capacitor is attached to the ground.It must be storied that on that point atomic number 18 sundry(a) speeds of the 8051 family. fixity refers to the maximum oscillator frequence attached to XTAL. For example, a 12-MHz chip must be committed to a crystal with 12 MHz oftenness of no more(prenominal) than 20 MHz. When the 8051 is get in touched to a crystal oscillator and is cater up, we faecal matter let on the frequency on the XTAL2 pin utilize the oscillo ground. 2. 3. 6 horologes On-chip clock/reckoning deftness has proved the capabilities of the microcontroller for implementing the real time performance. These intromits instant rate counting, frequency measurement, round comprehensiveness measurement, baud rate eneration, and so forth. Having satisfactory number of timer/counters may be a read in a certain design application. The 8051 has twain timers/counters. They fight asideister be use either as timers to retrovert a time delay or as counters to count pillow slips adventure outside the microcontroller. allow converse how these timers argon use to go time delays and we forget overly talk about how they atomic number 18 been utilise as event counters. 2. 3. 7 Polling In polling the microcontroller unceasingly proctor lizards the stipulation of a granted de immorality when the locating condition is met, it performs the ser depravity .After that, it moves on to monitor the abutting thingmabob until each one is ser evild. Although polling pay monitor the situation of several crooks and reply each of them as certain condition argon met. 2. 3. 8 Interrupts In the move over dances regularity, whenever either(prenominal) turn of events involve its service, the guile notifies the microcontroller by move it an issue downs mark. Upon receiving an burst augur, the microcontroller raise ups whatever it is doing and serves the wrench. The program associated with the dissolves is called the scatter service routine (ISR). or interrupt adhesive frictionr.Six Interrupts in the 8051 1. In reality, alone quintet interrupts be uncommitted to the user in the 8051, but umpteen manufacturers info sheets state that at that place argon six-spot-spot-spot interrupts since they allow in reset . the six interrupts in the 8051 be al rigid as above. 2. Reset. When the reset pin is delirious, the 8051 jumps to address placement 0000. this is the agent-up reset. 3. ii interrupts argon set digression for the timers one for timepiece 0 and one for timer 1. keeping stance 000BH and 001BH in the interrupt sender table locomote to timekeeper 0 and timekeeper 1, respectively. 4.Two interrupts atomic number 18 set excursion for ironwargon out-of-door harder interrupts. pivot number 5. 12(P3. 2) and 13(P3. 3) in port 3 argon for the impertinent computer hardw ar interrupts INT0 and INT1,respectively. These outside interrupts be as well as referred to as EX1 and EX2. retrospect location 0003H and 0013H in the interrupt sender table be depute to INT0 and INT1, respectively. 6. resultant communication has a un sh ard out interrupt that be recollectives to both know and trans mit. The interrupt vector table location 0023H be eagle-eyeds to this interrupt. 2. 3. 9 s ignores In the CPU, learns ar apply to store information temporarily.That information could be a byte of selective information to be processed, or an address pointing to the entropy to be fetched. The immense mass of 8051 points atomic number 18 8 tour designates. In the 8051 at that place is only one selective information graphemesetters case 8 art point atomic number 18as. The 8bits of a put down be should in the diagram from the mutual savings bank (most portentous bit) D7 to the LSB (least substantial bit) D0. With an 8-bit selective information part, any info bigger than 8bits must be broken into 8-bit chunks in the solution it is processed. Since on that point argon a bouffant number of memorialises in the 8051, we go away trim down on some of the wide employ general-purpose bear witnesss. D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 The most wide use models of the 8051 ar A(accumulator), B, R0, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, DPTR( entropy pointer), and PC(program counter). tout ensemble of the above memorializes atomic number 18 8-bits, take away DPTR and the program counter. The accumulator, memorial A, is apply for all arithmetic and logic instructions. 2. 3. 10 series communication Computers dejection tilt entropy in devil ways check and sequent.In pair entropy ravishs, oft 8 or more stores (wire conductors) be utilise to f atomic number 18 selective information to a construction that is only a a couple of(prenominal) feet away. Examples of match slays be printers and hard disks each uses think posts with numerous wire strips. Although in such cases a lot of information passel be conductred in a pithy enumerate of time by development legion(predicate) wires in parallel, the withdrawnness messnot be great. To air to a device located umpteen meters away, the attendant method is use. In concomitant pub lication communication, the entropy is send one bit at a time, in severalize to parallel communication, in which the information is displace a byte or more at a time. in series(p) communication of the 8051 is the topic of this chapter. The 8051 has serial communication energy stimulate into it, there by making achievable fast entropy send exploitation only a few wires. Serial info communication uses 2 methods, a simultaneous and synchronous. The synchronous method transfers a block of information at a time, bandage the asynchronous method transfers a iodin byte at a time. The 8051 transfers and suffers info serially at legion(predicate) disparate baud rates. The baud rate in the 8051 is programmable. This is make with the friend of Timer1. The 8051 divides the crystal frequency by 12 to get the tune car cycle frequency.The 8051s serial communication UART electrical turnry divides the machine cycle frequency of 921. 6 kilocycle per second dissever up by 32 in one case more professionally it is utilize by Timer 1 to set the baud rate rate. SBUF register SBUF is an 8-bit register apply wholly for serial communication in the 8051. For a byte of selective information to be transferred via the TXD line of business, it must be dictated in the SBUF register. in addition, SBUF holds the byte of info when it is acquire by the 8051s RXD line. SBUF faeces be accessed like any new(prenominal)wise register in the 8051. The mo a byte is create verbally into SBUF, it is close in with the spark off and halt bits and transferred serially via the TXD pin.Similarly, when the bits atomic number 18 standard serially via RXD, the 8051 defames it by eliminating the gag law and spring bits, making a byte out of the information sure, and whence placing it in the SBUF. SCON (serial control) register The SCON register is an 8-bit register utilize to program the contract bit, resolution bit, and data bits of data framing, among ot her things. stake In mode0 the data transmission in form of caprice train mechanically starts on the pin RXD at the moment the data has been create verbally to the SBUF register. In fact, this process starts after any instruction macrocosm performed on this register.Upon all 8 bits exact been sent, the bit TI in the SCON register is mechanically set. In mode1 a sequence for data transmission via serial communication is mechanically started upon the data has been write to the SBUF register. nullify of 1 byte transmission is demod by screen background the TI bit in the SCON register. In mode2 TI (transmit interrupt) is bit D1 of the SCON register. This is an super great give way bit in the SCON register. When the 8051 finishes the transfer of the 8-bit character, it raises the TI sign to orient that it is ready to transfer some other byte.The TI bit is brocaded at the beginning of the checker bit. arrive In mode0 data receiving starts by the pin RXD once dev il una emptyable conditions be met bit REN=1 and RI=0 (both bits roost in the SCON register). Upon 8 bits nonplus been pay ford, the bit RI (register SCON) is automatically set, which prefigures that one byte is received. In mode1 data receiving starts as soon as the commencement exercise bit (logic nil (0)) appears on the pin RXD. The condition is that bit REN=1and bit RI=0. twain of them be stored in the SCON register. The RI bit is automatically set upon receiving has been sinless.In mode2 RI (receive interrupt) is the D0 of the SCON register. This is some other super essential flag bit in the SCON register. When the 8051 receives data serially via RXD, it gets rid of the start and tally bits and places the byte in the SBUF register. because it raises the RI flag bit to auguryize that a byte has been received and should be picked up onward it is lost. RI is brocaded halfway by the stop bit. 2. 4 aim exponent aim indicator is utilise to indicate the unlik e wet levels in the dkms. pellucid level indicator is utilize to indicate the weewee present at what level.hither we atomic number 18 considering ternary level freshman-class honours degree level . middling level and mellow level, as the politic level increases a put across is sent to the tinct person regard level of water supply system. The main purpose of this level indicator is it checks the water level and gives the input information to micro controller. 2. 5 muck 232 The gook232 from adage was the first off IC which in one mailboat contains the infallible device number one woods ( both) and recipient roles ( withal dickens), to adapt the RS-232 augury potential difference levels to TTL logic. It became popular, because it good call for one potency (+5V) and gravels the una voidable RS-232 electromotive force levels (approx. 10V and +10V) internally. This greatly change the design of circuitry. dress circlery designers no long-dated demand to design and human body a violence confer with trey potential differences (e. g. -12V, +5V, and +12V), but could just provide one +5V office staff supply, e. g. with the support of a simple 7805 potential converter. The pocket232 has a successor, the MAX232A. The ICs ar approximately identical, however, the MAX232A is much more often utilise (and easier to get) than the overlord MAX232, and the MAX232A only train outer capacitors 1/tenth the capacity of what the buffer MAX232 packs.It should be famed that the MAX 232(A) is just a number one wood/ pass receiver. It does not bewilder the obligatory RS-232 sequence of label and spaces with the right timing, it does not rewrite the RS-232 signal, and it does not provide a serial/parallel conversion. totally it does is to convert signal electromotive force levels. The MAX 232(A) has dickens receivers (converts from RS-232 to TTL potency levels) and both drivers (converts from TTL logic to RS-232 electri c potential levels). This means only dickens of the RS-232 signals chamberpot be born- over again in each committee. The old MC1488/1498 jazz band provided four drivers and receivers.The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that embroils a capacitive potentiality beginning to supply EIA-232 potential levels from a sensation 5-V supply. from each one receiver converts EIA-232 inputs to 5-V TTL/CMOS levels. These receivers support a common doorsill of 1. 3 V and a typical hysteresis of 0. 5 V, and washstand call for 30-V inputs. severally driver converts TTL/CMOS input levels into EIA-232 levels. The RS232 standard is not TTL matched thus, it requires a line driver such as the MAX232 chip to convert RS232 electromotive force levels to TTL levels, and vice versa.The interfacing of 8051 with RS232 connectors via the MAX232 chip is the main topic. The 8051 has ii pins that be employ proper(postnominal)ally for transferring and receiving data serially. These devil pi ns atomic number 18 called TXD and RXD and a part of the port 3 convention (P3. 0 and P3. 1). nog 11 of the 8051 is appoint to TXD and pin 10 is designated as RXD. These pins atomic number 18 TTL compatible therefore, they require a line driver to make them RS232 compatible. ace such line driver is the MAX232 chip. pic figure 2. 5 8051 plyeral officialeration to RS232 MAX232 converts from RS232 potential levels to TTL potential drop levels, and vice versa.One reward of the MAX232 chip is that it uses a +5V place book of facts which, is the aforementioned(prenominal) as the man- do lake potency for the 8051. In the other words, with a integrity +5V advocator supply we back end cater both the 8051 and MAX232, with no need for the motive supplies that argon common in legion(predicate) a(prenominal) honest-to-god systems. The MAX232 has deuce sets of line drivers for transferring and receiving data. The line drivers utilise for TXD atomic number 18 called T1 a nd T2, opus the line drivers for RXD ar designated as R1 and R2. In legion(predicate) applications only one of each is use. 2. 6 GSM (Global system for restless communication) ModemA modem (modulator-demodulator) is a device that modulates an analog mailman signal to convert digital information, and in addition demodulates such a postman signal to trace the familial information. The remainder is to produce a signal that domiciliate be inherited gainously and de inscribed to multiply the original digital data. A GSM modem is a specialize lawsuit of modem which accepts a SIM razz, and makes over a subscription to a brisk streetwalker, just like a officious reverberate. From the peregrine operator perspective, a GSM modem looks just like a wandering tele telephony set. A GSM modem burn down be an out-of-door modem device, such as the Wavecom FASTRACK Modem.Insert a GSM SIM carte into this modem, and connect the modem to an in stock(predicate) serial port on your computer. A GSM modem faecal matter be a PC add-in incloseed in a notebook computer, such as the Nokia handbill Phone. A GSM modem could in like manner be a standard GSM industrious skirt with the catch crinkle and softwargon product driver to connect to a serial port on your computer. Phones such as the Nokia 7110 with a DLR-3 cable, or conglomerate Ericsson earpieces, argon often utilize for this purpose. A dedicated GSM modem ( outdoor(a) or PC board) is usually favourite(a) to a GSM erratic phone.This is because of some compatibility issues that roll in the hay exist with quick phones. For example, if you wish to be able to receive inward MMS messages with your ingress, and you argon apply a wandering phone as your modem, you must utilize a energetic phone that does not instigate WAP push or MMS. This is because the diligent phone automatically processes these messages, without promotion them via the modem interface. Similarly some quick phones ex it not allow you to manufacturely receive SMS text edition messages life historylong than one hundred sixty bytes ( cognize as concatenated SMS or long SMS).This is because these long messages argon in reality sent as separate SMS messages, and the phone attempts to put in concert the message in the lead packaging via the modem interface. (Weve spy this last mentioned bother utilizing the Ericsson R380, fleck it does not appear to be a riddle with numerous other Ericsson fabrics. ) When you come in your GSM modem, or connect your GSM prompt phone to the computer, be sure to install the suspend Windows modem driver from the device manufacturer. To simplify configuration, the without delay SMS/MMS doorway forget come about with the device via this driver.An extra benefit of utilizing this driver is that you understructure use Windows nosology to reckon that the modem is communicating the right way with the computer. The straightway SMS/MMS gateway suffer con present-day(prenominal)ly support multiple modems, provided that your computer ironw be has the available communications port re springs. 2. 6. 1 computer architecture of GSM web A GSM mesh is smooth of several practicable entities, whose functions and interfaces argon specified. aim 1 shows the layout of a generic wine wine GSM slip away. The GSM interlock lot be divided into tierce tolerant parts. The erratic shoes is carried by the reader.The human foot commit Subsystem controls the receiving set connectedness with the ready military post. The meshwork Subsystem, the main part of which is the roving service transformation center (multiple sclerosis), performs the shift key of calls in the midst of the alert users, and among wandering(a) and fit(p) meshwork users. The multiple sclerosis as well handles the mobility worry operations. not shown are the trading operations A GSM net income is smooth of several available entities, whose fu nctions and interfaces are specified. radiation pattern shows the layout of a generic GSM internet. The GSM net income sack be divided into 3 tolerant parts. contributor carries the industrious spot. The etymon range Subsystem controls the circulate link with the unsettled put up. The meshing Subsystem, the main part of which is the prompt lock away break center reach ( manuscript), performs the fault of calls in the midst of the fluid users, and amid industrious and repair ne dickensrk users. The disseminated sclerosis too handles the mobility prudence operations. Not shown is the trading operations intendance midway, which oversees the decorous operation and apparatus of the ne iirk. The wandering charge and the solution send Subsystem broadcast across the Um interface, similarly known as the air interface or intercommunicate link.The pocketbook piazza Subsystem communicates with the wandering(a) run break concentrate on across the A interface. pic pattern 2. 6. 1 popular architecture of a GSM ne iirk quick order The supple space (MS) consists of the sprightly equipment (the destruction) and a smart circuit broadside called the reader individuality mental faculty (SIM). The SIM provides face-to-face mobility, so that the user gutter possess access to offer function disregardless of a ad hoc terminal. By butt ining the SIM beak into other GSM terminal, the user is able to receive calls at that terminal, make calls from that terminal, and receive other tender service.The agile equipment is unequivocally determine by the world(prenominal) sprightly Equipment individualism (IMEI). The SIM throwaway contains the external rambling Subscriber individualism (IMSI) utilize to identify the lecturer to the system, a sneaking(a) key for hallmark, and other information. The IMEI and the IMSI are item-by-item, thereby allowing private mobility. The SIM card may be saved against unlicen ced use by a battle cry or individualised personal identity number. unspiritual commit Subsystem The show send Subsystem is make up of devil parts, the butt Transceiver send off (BTS) and the human foot Station comptroller (BSC).These communicate across the interchangeable Abis interface, allowing (as in the rest of the system) operation betwixt components make by antithetical suppliers. The grip Transceiver Station houses the receiving set transceivers that narrow a cell and handles the radio-link protocols with the busy Station. In a large urban study, there volition potentially be a large number of BTSs deployed, indeed the indispensablenesss for a BTS are ruggedness, reliability, portability, and marginal cost. The plinth Station run acrossler manages the radio re springs for one or more BTSs. It handles radio-channel setup, frequency hopping, and handovers, as describe below.The BSC is the nexus amidst the nimble beam and the peregrine service fault condense ( disseminated sclerosis). lucre Subsystem The central component of the lucre Subsystem is the alert run exchange snapper (MSC). It acts like a normal chemise leaf node of the PSTN or ISDN, and additionally provides all the operationality inevitable to handle a meandering(a) subscriber, such as registration, certification, location updating, handovers, and call routing to a roaming subscriber. These services are provided in connector with several useable entities, which unneurotic form the profits Subsystem.The MSC provides the connection to the amend ne devilrks (such as the PSTN or ISDN). Signalling mingled with functional entities in the profit Subsystem uses Signalling arrangement turn of events 7 (SS7), utilise for system signalling in ISDN and widely employ in current public net deeds. The basis kettle of fish chronicle (HLR) and visitor mess account (VLR), together with the MSC, provide the call-routing and roaming capabilities of GSM. The HLR contains all the administrative information of each subscriber registered in the corresponding GSM ne bothrk, along with the current location of the spry.The location of the spry is typically in the form of the communicate address of the VLR associated with the vigorous as a distributed database station. The real routing number entrust be describe later. There is logically one HLR per GSM network, although it may be apply The visitor placement establish (VLR) contains selected administrative information from the HLR, inevitable for call control and provide of the bid services, for each agile shortly located in the geographic champaign controlled by the VLR.Although each functional entity fecal matter be utilise as an independent unit, all manufacturers of chemise equipment to date implement the VLR together with the MSC, so that the geographic area controlled by the MSC corresponds to that controlled by the VLR, consequentlyly simplifying the si gnalling undeniable. telephone line that the MSC contains no information about particular unsettled station this information is stored in the location registers. The other two registers are apply for au whencetication and security purposes.The Equipment identity element establish (EIR) is a database that contains a tip of all sound mobile equipment on the network, where each mobile station is set by its planetary nimble Equipment individuation (IMEI). An IMEI is pronounced as handicap if it has been inform stolen or is not type approved. The trademark Center (AuC) is a saved database that stores a reproduction of the undercover key stored in each subscribers SIM card, which is use for au indeedtication and encoding over the radio channel. 2. 6. 2 unuse modem(GSM/GPRS)Analogics GSM capable Modem is a multi-functional, ready to use, rugged and assorted modem that shtup be implant or blocked into any application. The reinvigorated Modem washbasin be customized to unhomogeneous applications by development the standard AT commands. The modem is amply type-approved and bum now be incorporate into your encounters with any or all the features of Voice, Data, Fax, SMS, and net etc. dexterous Modem fit out contains the pursual items 1. Analogics GSM/GPRS vivid Modem 2. SMPS based force play supply adapter. 3. 3 dBi overture with cable (optional other types) 4. Data cable (RS232) 5. user ManualTemperature crease run temperature from -200C to +550C storage temperature from -250C to +700C facility the modem To install the modem, chew the device on to the supplied SMPS Adapter. For automotive applications fix the modem for good development the raise slots (optional as per your requirement dimensions). Inserting/ Removing the SIM shake To come in or transplant the SIM invoice, it is inevitable to press the SIM bearer ejector expiration with sagacious edged object like a pen or a needle. With this, the SIM bearer com es out a little, and so pulls it out and insert or buy food the SIM bankers bill pic digit 2. 6. 2 Inserting/Removing the sim card into the modem fuddle sure that the ejector is pushed out completely originally accessing the SIM Card toter do not remove the SIM card holder by force or toy it (it may for good damage). charge the SIM Card right as per the bearing of the installation. It is very fundamental that the SIM is pose in the right direction for its proper running play(a) condition. mergeing External overture Connect GSM chichi Modem to the external approach with cable end with SMA male. The oftenness of the antenna may be GSM 900/1800 MHz.The antenna may be (0 dbi, 3 dbi or short duration L-type antenna) as per the theater conditions and signal conditions. DC allow for connecter The Modem pass on automatically turn ON when connection is stipulation to it. The spare-time activity is the Power interpret demand Connecting Modem to external devices RS2 32 cigaret be apply to connect to the external device by means of with(predicate) the D-SUB/ USB (for USB model only) device that is provided in the modem. 2. 7 liquid crystal display ( pellucid crystal display) Liquid crystal displays (liquid crystal displays) convey materials, which coalesce the properties of both liquids and crystals.Rather than having a melt down point, they pee a temperature range at heart which the molecules are nearly as mobile as they would be in a liquid, but are group together in an tenacious form homogeneous to a crystal. An liquid crystal display consists of two crosspatch panels, with the liquid crystal material sand witched in surrounded by them. The interior(a) rally of the glass plates are coat with transparent electrodes which define the character, symbols or patterns to be displayed polymeric layers are present in surrounded by the electrodes and the liquid crystal, which makes the liquid crystal molecules to celebrate a delimit preference angle.When the liquid crystal display is in the off state, unfounded rays are slip by the two polarisers and the liquid crystal, such that the thinly rays come out of the liquid crystal display without any orientation, and hence the liquid crystal display appears transparent. When fit electromotive force is utilise to the electrodes, the liquid crystal molecules would be align in a specific direction. The go down rays passing through the liquid crystal display would be revolved by the polarisers, which would result in trigger/ high liberaling the desire characters. The liquid crystal display does dont generate aerial and so light is requisite to read the display. By use backlighting, interlingual rendition is thinkable in the dark.The liquid crystal displays dumbfound long life and a wide run temperature range. 2. 7. 1 masthead rendering of liquid crystal display pic VCC, VSS and VEE piece VCC and VSS provide +5V and ground respectively, VEE is used for authoritative liquid crystal display contrast. The trio control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW. EN The EN line is called change. This control line is used to tell the liquid crystal display that you are displace it data. To send data to the LCD, your program should first set this line high (1) and then set the other two control lines and/or put data on the data bus. RS The RS line is the Register get hold of line.When RS is low (0), the data is to be handle as a command or special instruction. When RS is high (1), the data that is sent is a text data which should be displayed on the screen. RW The RW line is the get a line/ keep control line. When RW is low (0), the information on the data bus is worldness create verbally to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the program is in effect querying (or reading) the LCD. just now one instruction ( come in LCD location) is a read command. All others are write commands, so RW entrust almost be low. 2. 7. 2 LCD Interfaci ng displace commands and data to LCDs with a time delay pic frame 2. 6. Interfacing of LCD to a micro controller To send any command from command be given(p) to the LCD, make pin RS=0. For data, make RS=1. whence sends a high to-low pulse to the E pin to enable the internal latch of the LCD. 2. 8 Control remains The unconditional is do through the labours. hither pass ons acts as beat backs. A pass alongis anelectricallyoperated work shift. many a(prenominal) pass ons use an electromagnet to operate a permutation mechanism, but other run(a) principles are likewise used. Relays find applications where it is infallible to control a circuit by a low- causation signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.The first pass on races were used in long infinite telecommunicate circuits, restate the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Since electrical put acrosss are chemisees, the lyric utilize to switches is a like apply to passs. A pass testament switch one or more rods, each of whose tie-ins fag be throw by energising the reel in one of three ways 1. Normally-open (NO) butt ons connect the circuit when the put across is pioneer the circuit is baffled when the pass along is inactive. It is likewise called a found A come home or make sink in. 2.Normally- unsympathetic (NC) specks unplug the circuit when the electrical relay race race is activated the circuit is machine-accessible when the relay is inactive. It is also called a figure out B link or break contact. 3. Change-over (CO), or double-throw (DT), contacts control two circuits one commonly-open contact and one ordinarily-closed contact with a common terminal. It is also called a mental strain Ccontact or transfer contact (break forwards make). If this type of contact utilizes make onward break functionality, then it is called a unionise Dcontact. The pursual designations are unremarkably encounteredSPST maven bet on wiz Throw. These maintain two terminals which shtup be machine-accessible or dis connected. Including two for the bankroll, such a relay has four terminals in total. It is doubtful whether the propel is usually open or normally closed. The nomenclature SPNO and SPNC is sometimes used to break down the ambiguity. SPDT unity bet on simulacrum Throw. A common terminal connects to either of two others. Including two for the coil, such a relay has louvre terminals in total. DPST two-bagger bet on Single Throw. These get down two pairs of terminals. equivalent w 8 to two SPST switches or relays trigger off by a mavin coil.Including two for the coil, such a relay has six terminals in total. The poles may be nisus A or organize B (or one of each). DPDT reiterate gat stunt man Throw. These pay back two rows of change-over terminals. equal to two SPDT switches or relays trip by a wholeness(a) coil. such(prenominal) a relay has eight terminals, inclu ding the coil. hither in this discombobulate we are employ adept pole single throw. The relay has 3 pins, first pin is connected to the input, second pin to the output and tertiary pin is connected to the ground. When input is given magnetised liquidize is generated and the take starts rotating and the gate lead be unresolved harmonise to the development.A labour receives berth through two or more relays connected to a office staff ancestry. A switch-operated logic circuit is ply by a relay provide denotation and connects to the relays. To start the labor, the switch is pressed, make the logic circuit to close the relays sequentially. When all the relays are closed, the motor ordain start. If the motor starts before the logic circuit closes all of the relays, the motor is halt and an indication is provided that the relays that fool not just been closed film failed. Otherwise, the motor runs until the switch is pressed again, ca exploitation the logic circui t to open the relays and stop the motor.A mightiness relay is a switch that uses anelectromagnetto open or close a circuit. The basic design of a relay utilizes an electromagnet coil, an armature, a spring and one or more contacts. If the force out relay is knowing to normally be open, the circuit is not holy when in the off state. As great supply is applied to the originator relay, principally from a assault and battery book of facts, the electromagnet attracts the armature, a negotiable arm often made of iron. The armature, which was held in place by the spring, is pulled in the direction of the coil until it reaches a contact, thence culmination the circuit.If the relay is normally closed, then the coil pulls the armature away from the contact, open up the circuit. A power relay push aside be operated victimization a low come of electromotive force but squeeze out also conduct a high amount of electromotive force. In our throw away we are victimization a sub image able motor that is goose egg but a motor. When a motor starts, the level controller applies power to the windings so that they become magnetised with the mark that attracts the permenant magnets on the rotor coil coil coil this causes the rotor to begin rotating.As the long-lived magnets on the rotor rotate ultimo the electro-magnetic windings the course controller reverses the augury on the winding so that the winding repels the unchangeable magnets on the rotor. As the motor runs, the cast controller keeps faulting windings on so that they are unendingly attracting the eonian magnets on the rotor then implike the imperishable magnets on the rotor this keeps it rotating. CHAPTER 3 nonrepresentational plot Fig 3 ceremonious draw 3. 1 Circuit description This function gives an overview of the whole circuitry and ironware complex in the switch. The require operational electromotive force for Microcontroller 89C51 is 5V.Hence the 5V D. C. power supply is unavoidable by the same. This adjust 5V is generated by stepping down the voltage from 230V to 12V employ step down transformer. promptly the step downed a. c voltage is existence ascertain by the twain Rectifier victimisation 1N4007 diodes. The find out a. c voltage is now filtered utilize a RC filter. instantaneously the rectify, filtered D. C. voltage is fed to the voltage Regulator. This voltage regulator provides/allows us to arrive a regulate eonian emf which is of +5V. The rectified filtered and regulated voltage is again filtered for ripples victimization an electrolytic condenser capacitor coke?F. instanter the output from this member is fed to fortieth pin of 89c51 microcontroller to supply operating voltage. The microcontroller 89C51 with leave off up resistors at Port0 and crystal oscillator of 11. 0592 MHz crystal in happenstance with couple of 30-33pf capacitors is set(p) at eighteenth & nineteenth pins of 89c51 to make it work (execute) prope rly. run voltage for the GSM modem provide depends on its type and an transcriber is provided with the GSM modem set itself. Here in this send off various levels in dams are monitored and if they exceed the sceptre determine a SMS is sent through the touch on person.To perform all these activities first of all disparate levels should be monitor exploitation liquid level indicators. These level indicators are fixed in dam at different levels like level1, level2, level3 etc whenever if any level overflows automatically information is sent to the control section using GSM modem. The commanding part of the water level is also done by the controller through the instructions given by the developer. In this process the controller checks the number of wand levels that are crossed and according to that the furnish are being controlled.When modem receives the message controller allow for communicate with the modem through serial communication. As we domiciliate not directly giv e the data to the controller due to the voltage level difference between the GSM modem and the controller because GSM modem whole shebang on RS 232 logic levels whereas micro controller works on TTL logic levels and also we are using PC in this plan which is also a RS 232 logic based. So to involve compatibility we are using MAX 232. MAX232 converts from RS232 voltage levels to TTL voltage levels, and vice versa.One advantage of the MAX232 chip is that it uses a +5V power ascendant which, is the same as the reference voltage for the 8051. In the other words, with a single +5V power supply we can buoy power both the 8051 and MAX232, with no need for the power supplies. The MAX232 has two sets of line drivers for transferring and receiving data. The line drivers used for TXD are called T1 and T2, while the line drivers for RXD are designated as R1 and R2. By using this to TX and RX pins we are going to communicate with the controller. CHAPTER 4 head for the hills chart TX int erlace pic RX draw in pic CHAPTER 5 area AND time to come ENHANCEMENTIt can be further intensify by adding dtmf de edictr to control the gate s of the dam and we send one monosodium glutamate to GSM amd that bequeath be send the water level of the dam. If any unlicensed person tries to control the gate the GSM modem activate and that leave alone pass this information to the permit person. CHAPTER 6 finishing The spue impede take precedent employ GSM-SMS has been successfully intentional and tested. It has been genuine by compound features of all the ironware components used. movement of every mental faculty has been sound out and determined guardedly thus contribute to the stovepipe operative of the unit.Secondly, using highly modern ICs and with the help of festering technology the pop out has been successfully implemented. at long last we intermit that jam aim exemplification victimisation GSM-SMS is an uphill field and there is a huge scope for look into and development. CHAPTER 7 BIBILOGRAPHY 1. WWW. MITEL. DATABOOK. COM 2. WWW. ATMEL. DATABOOK. COM 3. WWW. FRANKLIN. COM 4. WWW. KEIL. COM 5. WWW. NATIONAL. COM 6. WWW. ATMEL. COM 7. WWW. smallSOFTSEARCH. COM 8. WWW. GEOCITIES. COM 9. 8051-MICRO conquerLER AND enter arrangement. -Mohd. Mazidi 10. The 8051 Micro controller Architecture, computer programing & Applications -Kenneth J.Ayala 11. rudiments of Micro processors and Micro computers -B. thump 12. Micro processor Architecture, computer programming & Applications -Ramesh S. Gaonkar 13. radio set communications -Theodore 14. S. Rappaport sprightly Tele communication theory -William C. Y. downwind CHAPTER 8 accompaniment outset code computer parcel used Keil software program for c programming about keil software It is achievable to create the cite sends in a text editor program such as Notepad, run the compiling program on each C source cross-file, specifying a slant of controls, run the assembler o n each assembly program source file, specifying nother dip of controls, run either the library jitney or Linker (again specifying a call of controls) and in conclusion running the Object-HEX converter to convert the Linker output file to an Intel torment stick. erstwhile that has been completed the fascinate File can be downloaded to the target computer hardware and debugged. alternatively KEIL can be used to create source files automatically compile, link and secrecy using options set with an easy to use user interface and in the long run take for granted or perform debugging on the hardware with access to C variables and memory. Unless you earn to use the tolls on the command line, the pickaxe is clear.KEIL greatly simplifies the process of creating and interrogation an embedded application The user of KEIL centers on discombobulates. A jut is a argument of all the source files mandatory to build a single application, all the putz options which specify just n ow how to build the application, and if required how the application should be simulated. A object contains luxuriant information to take a set of source files and generate just now the double star code required for the application. Because of the high degree of tractability required from the slams, there are many options that can be set to tack together the tools to operate in a specific manner.It would be impractical to urinate to set these options up every time the application is being strengthened therefore they are stored in a vomit up file. burden the retch file into KEIL informs KEIL which source files are required, where they are, and how to configure the tools in the correct way. KEIL can then execute each tool with the correct options. It is also thinkable to create new projects in KEIL. rise files are added to the project and the tool options are set as required. The project is reloaded and the simulator or debugger started, all the craved windows are open ed. KEIL project files have the appendix Simulator/Debugger cryptology include include include sbit M1 = P20 sbit M2 = P21 sbit M3 = P22 sbit L1 = P35 sbit L2 = P36 sbit L3 = P37 sbit Buz = P34 void TxMsg(unsigned char *msg,unsigned char *mno) Send(AT+CMGS=) Send(mno) grasp_high(2) Send(msg) void main() bit L1_flag=0,L2_flag=0,L3_flag=0 LCD_Init() Disp_Str( piss train ) LCD_Cmd(0xC0) Disp_Str( monition System ) M1=M2=M3=0 Buz = 1 moderate (200) SConfig() art object (1) If (L1==0 && L2==1 && L3==1 && L1_flag==0) L1_flag=1 L2_flag=0 L3_flag=0 Buz = 1 M1 = 1 M2 = 0 M3 = 0 LCD_Cmd (0x80) Disp_Str ( body of water train ) LCD_Cmd (0xC0)Disp_Str (** fair **) TxMsg (water system train middling,9951024603) TxMsg ( peeing direct strong point,9848997946) TxMsg ( piss aim speciality,9966644775) TxMsg ( water take medium,9299804677) TxMsg ( wet take forte,9849974776) delay (200) else If (L1==0 && L2==0 && L3==1 && L2_flag==0) L2_flag=1 L3_flag=0 L1_flag=0 Buz = 1 M1 = 1 M2 = 1 M3 = 0 LCD_Cmd (0x80) Disp_Str ( urine take ) LCD_Cmd (0xC0) Disp_Str (** higher(prenominal) **) TxMsg ( wet aim broad(prenominal),9951024603) TxMsg (water system direct higher(prenominal),9848997946) TxMsg ( piddle take luxuriously,9966644775)TxMsg ( peeing direct elevated,9299804677) TxMsg ( pee take aim last,9849974776) watch (200) else if (L1==0 && L2==0 && L3==0 && L3_flag==0) // take 3 L3_flag=1 L2_flag = 0 L1_flag=0 Buz = 0 M1 = 1 M2 = 1 M3 = 1 LCD_Cmd (0x80) Disp_Str ( pissing train ) LCD_Cmd (0xC0) Disp_Str (** actually spirited **) TxMsg ( wet take aim genuinely gamey,951024603) TxMsg ( pee aim really amply,9848997946) TxMsg ( peeing take aim real steep,9966644775) TxMsg ( body of water direct very(prenominal) steep,9299804677) TxMsg ( water supply aim actually spicy,9849974776) Delay (200) else if(L1==1 && L2==1 && L3==1) Buz = 1 L1_flag=0 L2_flag=0 L3_flag=0 M1 = 0 M2 = 0 M3 = 0 LCD_Cmd (0x80) Disp_Str ( weewee Level ) LCD_Cmd (0xC0) Disp_Str (** sane**) turnout PHOTOS OF dam aim specimen victimisation GSM SMS pic getup painting of dam level warning using GSM SMS GSM MODEM MAX-232 berth render falsify SYSTEM LCD semiliquid level index Level-3 Level-2- Level-1 RESERVIOUR MICRO CONTRO-LLER Tx Rx P0 P1 P2 P3 forebode INPUTS outer break downS CPU in series(p) way 4 I/O PORTS omnibus check up on OSC timekeeper 0 timer 1 ON CHIP RAM ON-CHIP RAM ON-CHIP flash break down CONTROL reset INTERRUPT LOCATIONS 8 bytes (0033)H 002BH 0023H 001BH 0013H 000BH 0003H 0000H